Peptide Directory

5-Amino-1MQ is a small molecule that blocks an enzyme called NNMT (nicotinamide N-methyltransferase) which is overactive in fat tissue and contributes to obesity and metabolic dysfunction. By inhibiting NNMT, it boosts cellular NAD+ levels, shifts the body toward burning fat instead of storing it, and increases energy expenditure. In animal studies, it has produced significant fat loss without affecting food intake or causing observable side effects.

A newer bone-building injection similar to teriparatide but based on PTHrP instead of PTH. It builds new bone with potentially less calcium elevation and bone resorption. FDA-approved for osteoporosis. Some evidence it's more effective at the hip than teriparatide.

A historically important peptide — the first GnRH antagonist ever approved for prostate cancer. Unlike GnRH agonists (leuprolide, goserelin) that cause an initial testosterone "flare" before suppression, abarelix immediately blocks the GnRH receptor and drops testosterone fast. However, it was withdrawn from the US market due to rare but serious allergic reactions. Still used in some countries.

AC-262536 (Accadrine) is a preclinical SARM developed by Acadia Pharmaceuticals with moderate anabolic activity and good tissue selectivity. It shows approximately 66% of testosterone's muscle-building effect with only 27% of its prostate-stimulating activity in animal models.

Ac-SDKP is a small four-amino-acid peptide that your body naturally produces when thymosin beta-4 (TB-500) is broken down by prolyl oligopeptidase. It is one of the most potent natural anti-fibrotic (anti-scarring) agents known. It prevents fibrosis in the heart, kidneys, liver, and lungs by blocking the transformation of normal cells into scar-producing myofibroblasts. Interestingly, ACE inhibitors (common blood pressure drugs) raise Ac-SDKP levels because ACE is the enzyme that normally breaks it down — this may partly explain why ACE inhibitors protect against organ fibrosis.

A synthetic "feel-good" peptide for skin. It mimics the body's natural endorphins (enkephalins), providing a pleasant sensation when applied topically. Reduces skin discomfort, sensitivity, and has mild anti-inflammatory effects. Used in luxury skincare to create an immediate sense of skin comfort and well-being.

Called "Botox in a jar" — it's a topical peptide that relaxes the tiny muscles under expression lines (forehead, crow's feet) by partially blocking the nerve signals that cause muscle contraction. It won't freeze your face like Botox, but over several weeks of use it can noticeably soften dynamic wrinkles.

An anti-hair-loss peptide that works by reducing the damaging effects of DHT (the hormone that shrinks hair follicles in pattern baldness). It's the key active in Capixyl, a popular hair growth complex that combines it with red clover extract. Helps reduce hair miniaturization — the progressive thinning that occurs in androgenetic alopecia.

ACP-105 is a partial androgen receptor agonist developed by Acadia Pharmaceuticals. As a partial agonist, it provides anabolic stimulation in muscle and bone with potentially fewer side effects than full AR agonists. Preclinical data suggests it may be well-suited for osteoporosis and muscle wasting with a favorable safety profile.

Adamax is an advanced version of Semax, one of Russia's most well-known brain-boosting peptides. It has been modified with an adamantane group — the same chemical structure found in certain Alzheimer's drugs — which helps it cross the blood-brain barrier more effectively and last longer in the body. Users report stronger and more sustained improvements in focus, memory, and mood compared to regular Semax. It is considered the most potent Semax derivative available.

Adiponectin is paradoxically the only fat hormone that decreases as you gain weight. Produced by fat cells, it makes your body more sensitive to insulin, reduces inflammation, and protects blood vessels. Low adiponectin levels are strongly associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. It is considered one of the most important protective metabolic hormones.

Adrenomedullin is a 52-amino-acid peptide discovered in a pheochromocytoma tumor that turned out to be an important cardiovascular protector. It is a potent vasodilator, reduces blood pressure, protects the heart and kidneys, and has anti-inflammatory properties. Elevated adrenomedullin levels serve as a biomarker for sepsis severity and heart failure prognosis.

Adrenorphin is an opioid peptide found in the adrenal glands derived from proenkephalin. It has analgesic properties and plays a role in adrenal stress responses.

An FDA-approved implant for people with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), a rare condition where sunlight causes excruciating pain. It stimulates melanin production to darken the skin, providing photoprotection. It's essentially a refined, pharmaceutical-grade version of the tanning peptides.

AgRP is a potent appetite-stimulating peptide from the hypothalamus that blocks melanocortin receptors. It is one of the brain's strongest hunger signals and plays a central role in obesity research.

AICAR is often called the "exercise in a bottle" peptide because it activates the same energy-sensing pathway (AMPK) that is triggered by physical exercise. When AMPK is activated, cells increase fat burning, glucose uptake, and mitochondrial production — the same metabolic benefits you get from working out. It has been studied for endurance enhancement, fat loss, and protection against muscle wasting, though its effects are broad since AMPK influences nearly every metabolic pathway in the body.

Alamandine is a recently discovered RAS peptide similar to angiotensin-(1-7) that causes blood vessel relaxation and has cardioprotective effects through the MrgD receptor.

Albiglutide was a once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes. It fused two GLP-1 molecules to albumin to extend its half-life. While effective for blood sugar control and shown to reduce cardiovascular events (HARMONY Outcomes trial), it was discontinued commercially in 2018 due to low market uptake relative to competing GLP-1 drugs.

Alpha-conotoxin GI is a cone snail venom peptide that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, causing paralysis in prey.

Alpha-endorphin is a short fragment of beta-endorphin produced from the POMC precursor protein. It has mild analgesic and neuromodulatory effects.

Alpha-MSH is the body's natural tanning and appetite-suppressing peptide. This 13-amino-acid fragment of POMC activates melanocortin receptors — MC1R in skin to produce melanin (pigmentation), and MC4R in the brain to suppress appetite. It is the endogenous peptide that inspired drugs like melanotan-II, PT-141, and setmelanotide.

Alpha-neoendorphin is a natural kappa-opioid peptide derived from the same precursor as dynorphin. It plays a role in pain modulation and stress responses.

ALRN-6924 is a stapled alpha-helical peptide that reactivates the p53 tumor suppressor by blocking its inhibitors MDM2 and MDMX. It is being tested in cancers that retain wild-type p53.

AMH is a hormone used as the gold-standard blood test for ovarian reserve in women — it tells you roughly how many eggs remain. Produced by small ovarian follicles, higher AMH means more eggs in reserve. In male fetal development, AMH causes the Mullerian ducts (which would become the uterus and fallopian tubes) to regress, which is how it got its name.

Amycretin is a next-generation weight loss peptide from Novo Nordisk that activates both GLP-1 and amylin receptors in a single molecule. This dual action suppresses appetite through two complementary pathways — GLP-1 slows gastric emptying and enhances insulin release, while amylin acts on the brainstem to reduce hunger. Early trials show potentially greater weight loss than semaglutide alone.

A 37-amino acid peptide that's co-released with insulin every time your pancreas responds to a meal. It slows stomach emptying, suppresses glucagon (which raises blood sugar), and promotes fullness. Pramlintide (brand name Symlin) is its synthetic analog, used alongside insulin in diabetes. The downside: in Type 2 diabetes, amylin can misfold and form toxic clumps (amyloid) that kill the insulin-producing cells.

An oral ghrelin-mimicking drug that stimulates appetite, increases lean body mass, and boosts growth hormone levels. Developed specifically for cancer patients with cachexia (severe muscle wasting and weight loss). Approved in Japan but not yet in the US or EU — it increases body weight and appetite but large trials did not convincingly show improvement in hand-grip strength.

Andarine was one of the first SARMs developed, showing strong anabolic effects on muscle and bone in preclinical studies. However, it is known for a unique visual side effect — a yellow tint to vision, especially at night — caused by off-target binding to retinal receptors. This limits its practical use.

The "good" angiotensin — a natural peptide that opposes the harmful effects of Angiotensin II (the one that raises blood pressure and causes inflammation). It is produced by the enzyme ACE2, which became famous as the entry point for COVID-19. Angiotensin (1-7) dilates blood vessels, reduces inflammation, and protects the heart, lungs, and kidneys. Research interest exploded after the pandemic because COVID-19 disrupts this protective pathway.

Synthetic human angiotensin II — the body's own powerful blood-pressure-raising hormone, made into a drug for ICU use. Approved in 2017 for patients in severe shock whose blood pressure won't respond to standard vasopressors like norepinephrine and vasopressin. It is essentially a last-resort blood pressure support.

Angiotensin III is a breakdown product of angiotensin II that is a major stimulator of aldosterone release from the adrenal glands, contributing to sodium retention and blood pressure regulation.

Angiotensin IV is a fragment of angiotensin that enhances memory and learning by binding the AT4 receptor (IRAP). It has sparked interest in cognitive enhancement research.

Anidulafungin is the third FDA-approved echinocandin antifungal, sharing the same cell wall-targeting mechanism as caspofungin and micafungin. Its unique feature is that it is eliminated by slow chemical degradation in the blood rather than liver metabolism, meaning it has virtually no drug interactions and requires no dose adjustment for liver or kidney disease.

ANP is a heart hormone released by the atria when they are stretched by excess blood volume. It acts as the body's natural blood pressure reducer — it makes the kidneys excrete more sodium and water (natriuresis/diuresis), relaxes blood vessels, and opposes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Elevated ANP is a clinical marker of heart failure.

Anserine is a dipeptide related to carnosine, found in bird and fish muscle. It has antioxidant and anti-glycation properties with some evidence for uric acid reduction.

A modified fragment of human growth hormone (amino acids 177-191) designed specifically for fat loss. It mimics the fat-burning action of natural growth hormone without affecting blood sugar or muscle growth. It's taken as an injection or sometimes orally.

Apamin is a component of bee venom that selectively blocks small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels. It is widely used in neuroscience research.

A natural peptide in your body that strengthens heart contractions, dilates blood vessels, improves insulin sensitivity, and regulates fluid balance. Apelin levels decline with heart failure and aging. It comes in multiple forms (Apelin-13 is the most potent). Think of it as the body's built-in cardiac tonic.

Aprepitant is an oral drug that blocks the NK1 receptor (the target of Substance P) to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. It works on the brain's vomiting center where Substance P triggers nausea. It is used in combination with other anti-nausea drugs (5-HT3 antagonists and dexamethasone) as part of triple antiemetic therapy for highly emetogenic chemotherapy.

ARA-290 is an 11-amino-acid peptide engineered from the tissue-protective part of erythropoietin (EPO) — but without EPO's blood-thickening effects. It activates the innate repair receptor, which shifts the body's response from chronic inflammation toward tissue repair and regeneration. It has shown particularly promising results for nerve damage (neuropathy), including diabetic neuropathy and sarcoidosis-related small fiber neuropathy, where it helped regrow damaged nerve fibers.

A drug that blocks oxytocin receptors to stop premature uterine contractions in preterm labor. Unlike older preterm labor drugs (like beta-agonists) that cause heart racing and tremors, atosiban has very few side effects. Approved in Europe but not in the US, where it failed to show superiority over placebo in FDA trials — a controversial regulatory outcome.

One of the most common over-the-counter antibiotics found in medicine cabinets worldwide. A cyclic peptide from Bacillus subtilis that blocks bacterial cell wall synthesis. Used as a topical ointment for wound care, cuts, and scrapes. Like gramicidin, it's too toxic for injection (causes severe kidney damage), but is safe and effective topically.

Batroxobin is a thrombin-like enzyme from pit viper venom that selectively cleaves fibrinogen to reduce blood viscosity. It is approved in several Asian countries for stroke and vascular conditions.

Bazedoxifene is a third-generation SERM FDA-approved in combination with conjugated estrogens (as Duavee) for menopausal vasomotor symptoms and osteoporosis prevention. It uniquely acts as both an ER antagonist and an ER degrader (SERM/SERD hybrid), providing strong anti-estrogenic effects in breast and uterus while allowing bone protection.

Bestatin (also known as Ubenimex) is a dipeptide that boosts immune function by blocking enzymes called aminopeptidases, which normally trim peptides on the surface of immune cells. By inhibiting these enzymes, Bestatin increases the activity of T-cells, B-cells, macrophages, and NK cells. It was originally approved in Japan for use alongside chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) to help restore immune function. It has also been studied for hypertension (it inhibits enzymes in the renin-angiotensin system) and as a potential anti-cancer agent on its own.

Beta-casomorphin-7 is a mild opioid peptide released during digestion of A1 cow's milk protein (casein). It has been controversially linked to digestive discomfort and other effects.

Beta-endorphin is the body's most powerful natural painkiller — approximately 18-33 times more potent than morphine on a molar basis. This 31-amino-acid peptide is released from the pituitary and hypothalamus during intense exercise ("runner's high"), stress, and pain. It activates mu-opioid receptors to produce analgesia, euphoria, and stress relief.

Bimagrumab is a monoclonal antibody that blocks activin type II receptors (ActRII), preventing myostatin and other TGF-beta family ligands from inhibiting muscle growth. In clinical trials, it produced remarkable simultaneous fat loss and muscle gain — a Phase 2 obesity trial showed 20.5% fat mass reduction with 3.6% lean mass increase over 48 weeks, a body composition change rarely achieved by any single intervention.

A biotin-linked version of the well-known GHK peptide, designed specifically for hair health. It strengthens the anchor between the hair follicle and the scalp (dermal papilla), improves nutrient delivery to follicles, and slows follicle aging. It's a key ingredient in Procapil, a popular hair growth complex combined with apigenin and oleanolic acid.

A synthetic blood thinner based on hirudin, a protein found in leech saliva. Unlike heparin (the traditional blood thinner used during heart procedures), bivalirudin directly blocks thrombin (the key clotting enzyme) and wears off quickly — its effects last only about 25 minutes. This makes it safer for procedures like coronary stenting, where you need precise control over blood clotting.

BMS-564929 is a non-steroidal SARM developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb with exceptionally high androgen receptor affinity. It was designed for male hormone replacement with selectivity for muscle over prostate, but development did not progress beyond early clinical evaluation.

BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) is released by the heart ventricles when they are under stress or stretched by fluid overload. Despite its confusing name (it was first found in brain tissue), it is primarily a cardiac hormone. BNP and its stable fragment NT-proBNP are the most widely used blood tests for diagnosing and monitoring heart failure. Recombinant BNP (nesiritide) is an FDA-approved drug for acute decompensated heart failure.

Bonomarlot is a bone marrow-derived cytomax containing refined peptide bioregulators that support hematopoiesis — the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It is used in Russia for anemia, immune deficiency, and recovery after chemotherapy or radiation.

Bonothyrk is a short-chain peptide bioregulator targeting the parathyroid glands, which control calcium balance in the body. Part of Professor Khavinson's organ-specific peptide series, it aims to normalize parathyroid function by interacting directly with the gland's DNA to restore healthy gene expression patterns. Proper parathyroid function is critical for bone density, nerve signaling, and muscle contraction — all of which depend on tightly regulated calcium and phosphorus levels. It is most relevant for age-related parathyroid dysfunction and calcium metabolism disorders.

BPC-157 is a synthetic peptide derived from a protective protein found in human stomach juice. It accelerates healing of tendons, muscles, ligaments, and the gut lining by promoting blood vessel growth and reducing inflammation. Many users report faster recovery from injuries, reduced joint pain, and improved gut health.

The arginine salt form of BPC-157, the popular healing peptide derived from stomach juice proteins. This form is more stable in solution and at room temperature, making it easier to store and potentially more effective when taken orally. It works the same way as regular BPC-157 — promoting blood vessel growth, reducing inflammation, and accelerating healing of tendons, muscles, and gut tissue — but holds up better on the shelf.

Bradykinin is a 9-amino-acid peptide that causes blood vessels to dilate, blood pressure to drop, and pain/inflammation to increase. It is produced by the kallikrein-kinin system during tissue injury and inflammation. Bradykinin is famously responsible for the dry cough side effect of ACE inhibitor blood pressure medications, because ACE normally breaks down bradykinin.

A targeted cancer therapy that combines an antibody (which finds and attaches to cancer cells) with a powerful cell-killing peptide payload. The antibody seeks out the CD30 marker on Hodgkin lymphoma cells and delivers the toxic peptide (MMAE) directly inside them — like a guided missile. This approach kills cancer cells while sparing most healthy tissue.

Brilacidin is a synthetic small molecule that mimics defensin antimicrobial peptides. It is being studied for skin infections, oral mucositis, and was investigated for COVID-19.

Bronchamin is a bronchial tissue-derived cytamin designed to support respiratory function and lung health. It contains peptide bioregulators from animal bronchial and lung tissue, used in Russia for chronic respiratory conditions and post-infection recovery.

A three-amino-acid peptide developed by Russian gerontologist Khavinson specifically targeting the lungs and bronchial tissue. Part of the same bioregulator family as Epithalon and other short peptides. Used to support respiratory function and potentially reduce age-related decline in lung capacity. Limited Western clinical data.

A GnRH agonist similar to leuprolide and goserelin, widely used outside the US for prostate cancer, endometriosis, and IVF protocols. Available in unusually diverse forms — nasal spray, subcutaneous injection, and subcutaneous implant. Also extensively used in veterinary medicine for reproductive management in livestock and fish aquaculture.

C-peptide is the connecting fragment cut out when proinsulin becomes insulin. Once thought to be inert, it is now known to have its own biological activity, improving nerve and kidney function in diabetic complications.

Caerulein is a frog skin peptide similar to the gut hormone CCK. It stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic secretion and has been used clinically as a diagnostic agent.

Cagrilintide is a long-acting version of amylin, a hormone naturally released by the pancreas alongside insulin after meals. It works by slowing gastric emptying, promoting satiety, and reducing glucagon secretion, helping people eat less and manage blood sugar more effectively. It is being developed as both a standalone weight loss agent and in combination with semaglutide (CagriSema) for enhanced metabolic outcomes.

A fixed-ratio combination of two powerful peptides in one injection: cagrilintide (a long-acting amylin analog) plus semaglutide (the GLP-1 agonist in Ozempic). By hitting both amylin and GLP-1 pathways simultaneously, CagriSema achieves up to 22.7% weight loss in clinical trials — approaching bariatric surgery territory. This is Novo Nordisk's next-generation obesity treatment after Wegovy.

A hormone that lowers blood calcium and slows bone breakdown. The injectable/nasal form (from salmon, which is 50x more potent than human) is FDA-approved for osteoporosis and Paget's disease. Also has unique pain-relieving properties for bone fractures, making it useful after vertebral compression fractures.

Capromorelin is an oral ghrelin receptor agonist that stimulates both growth hormone release and appetite. It is notable for being the first GHS-R agonist to receive regulatory approval — though for veterinary use: it is FDA-approved as Entyce for appetite stimulation in dogs. In human clinical trials, it significantly increased GH levels, lean body mass, and functional performance in elderly subjects, but was not pursued further for human approval. It represents proof-of-concept that oral ghrelin agonists can safely boost GH in humans.

A long-acting version of oxytocin used to prevent excessive bleeding after childbirth (postpartum hemorrhage). Unlike natural oxytocin which degrades quickly and needs refrigeration, carbetocin is heat-stable — making it practical for use in tropical, resource-limited settings. The WHO considers it an essential medicine for this reason. Also being studied as a nasal spray for autism.

Cardiogen is a tetrapeptide bioregulator specifically designed for cardiac tissue. Part of Professor Khavinson's organ-targeted peptide series, it aims to support heart cell function by promoting repair and reducing age-related decline in cardiac tissue. Unlike drugs that address symptoms (blood pressure, cholesterol), Cardiogen works at the epigenetic level to help heart cells maintain proper gene expression as they age. It has been studied primarily in cell culture and animal models.

A naturally occurring dipeptide found in muscle and brain tissue. It's one of the body's most powerful defenses against glycation — the process where sugars damage proteins and accelerate aging (forming AGEs — Advanced Glycation End-products). Also acts as an antioxidant and pH buffer in muscles. Levels decline significantly with age. Available as oral supplement, topical, or injectable.

Carperitide is recombinant human ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) approved in Japan for treating acute heart failure. Given as a continuous IV infusion, it reduces blood pressure, promotes sodium and water excretion, and decreases cardiac preload and afterload. It has been a standard treatment for acute decompensated heart failure in Japanese hospitals since 1995.

CART is a brain peptide that suppresses appetite and is upregulated by cocaine and amphetamines. It plays a key role in the brain's reward and feeding circuits.

Cartalax is a short three-amino-acid peptide bioregulator designed to support cartilage health and joint function by activating the genes responsible for cartilage repair and maintenance. It works at the DNA level to restore normal protein synthesis in cartilage cells (chondrocytes), helping to rebuild the extracellular matrix that gives cartilage its cushioning properties. Developed by Russian researchers as part of the Khavinson bioregulator peptide series, it has shown promise for osteoarthritis and age-related joint degeneration.

Caspofungin is an IV antifungal drug derived from a fungal natural product. It works by blocking the enzyme that builds fungal cell walls (1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase), causing the fungal cell to become fragile and die. It is a first-line treatment for invasive candidiasis and aspergillosis and has an excellent safety profile because human cells do not have the target enzyme.

A natural peptide fragment released from the adrenal glands that acts as an internal brake on stress hormones. It blocks the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline, helping to lower blood pressure and protect the heart. People with essential hypertension have been found to have lower levels of catestatin, suggesting it plays an important role in blood pressure regulation.

Cenderitide is an engineered chimeric peptide combining CNP and Dendroaspis natriuretic peptide (DNP) that activates both natriuretic peptide receptors. It was designed to protect the heart and kidneys in heart failure.

Cerebramin is a brain-derived cytamin containing peptide bioregulators extracted from animal brain tissue. It is designed to support cognitive function, memory, and overall brain health by providing organ-specific signaling peptides that help normalize cerebral metabolism.

A mixture of small brain-derived proteins and amino acids made from pig brain tissue. It mimics the effects of natural nerve growth factors to protect and repair brain cells. Approved in over 40 countries for stroke, TBI, and dementia, but not in the US. Given as an IV or IM injection.

An oral peptide complex derived from brain cortex tissue. It normalizes brain cell function and neurotransmitter balance. Used in Russian gerontology for cognitive health in aging populations. Part of Khavinson's philosophy that organ-specific peptides can restore function to aging tissues.

A GnRH antagonist used in IVF (in vitro fertilization) to prevent premature ovulation. Unlike GnRH agonists which take weeks to suppress hormones, cetrorelix blocks the GnRH receptor immediately — no initial hormone surge or "flare." This allows doctors to precisely control the timing of egg retrieval during fertility treatment.

A 37-amino acid neuropeptide and the most powerful vasodilator known in the human body. It's the key mediator of migraine headaches — released from trigeminal nerve endings during a migraine attack, causing intense blood vessel dilation and pain. Understanding CGRP revolutionized migraine treatment. Multiple FDA-approved drugs now block CGRP or its receptor (erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab, and the gepant class).

CGRP-beta is the lesser-known sibling of CGRP-alpha (the peptide targeted by migraine drugs like erenumab and fremanezumab). Both forms are potent vasodilators, but beta-CGRP is encoded by a separate gene (CALCB vs. CALCA) and is predominantly expressed in the enteric nervous system rather than sensory neurons. It shares most of the same biological activities as alpha-CGRP.

Charybdotoxin is a scorpion venom peptide that blocks several types of potassium channels and intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels.

An oral peptide complex derived from cardiac tissue. It normalizes cardiomyocyte (heart muscle cell) metabolism and supports cardiac function. Used as an oral bioregulator for cardiovascular health in aging populations in Russian clinical practice.

Chitomur is a bladder-derived cytomax containing refined peptide bioregulators that support urinary bladder function. It is used in Russia for chronic cystitis, overactive bladder, and age-related urinary tract dysfunction.

Chlorotoxin is a scorpion venom peptide from the deathstalker scorpion that selectively binds to glioma brain tumor cells. It is being developed as a fluorescent "tumor paint" for surgical guidance.

The classic "meal termination" signal — released from cells in your small intestine when fat and protein arrive after a meal. It stimulates gallbladder contraction (to release bile for fat digestion), triggers pancreatic enzyme secretion, and tells your brain you're full via the vagus nerve. Sincalide (Kinevac) is its synthetic version, used medically for gallbladder imaging.

Chondramin is a cartilage-derived cytamin containing peptide bioregulators from animal cartilage tissue. It is designed to support joint health, cartilage regeneration, and connective tissue repair, commonly used in Russia for osteoarthritis and age-related joint degradation.

A tripeptide bioregulator targeting bronchial and GI mucosal tissue. It normalizes mucin production and epithelial cell function. Related to Bronchogen (another Khavinson respiratory peptide) but with broader mucosal activity covering both airways and the digestive tract.

Chromogranin A is a protein stored and released from neuroendocrine cells. It is the primary blood biomarker used to diagnose and monitor neuroendocrine tumors.

Chronoline is a cosmetic peptide claimed to activate skin stem cells and stimulate the production of lumican, a proteoglycan involved in collagen fiber organization.

Chrysalin (TP508) is a 23-amino-acid peptide derived from human thrombin — the enzyme that forms blood clots. But instead of promoting clotting, TP508 activates tissue repair pathways that are normally triggered at wound sites when thrombin is present. It accelerates bone fracture healing, wound closure, and tissue regeneration by stimulating stem cell recruitment and new blood vessel formation. It reached Phase 2 clinical trials for bone fracture repair, showing faster healing of distal radius (wrist) fractures.

A cyclic peptide that was designed to block integrins, the protein "hooks" that help tumors grow new blood vessels and spread. It was tested in a large clinical trial for brain cancer (glioblastoma) but ultimately did not improve survival. Despite the trial failure, it proved the concept of using peptides to target blood vessel growth, and RGD peptides are now widely used as targeting molecules for drug delivery.

CJC-1295 is a synthetic growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) analog that stimulates the pituitary gland to release growth hormone. Unlike natural GHRH which is quickly broken down in the body, CJC-1295 is modified to resist degradation, allowing it to work for days rather than minutes.

CJC-1295 No DAC (also called Mod GRF 1-29) is a modified version of your body's natural growth hormone releasing hormone that stimulates the pituitary gland to produce and release growth hormone in natural pulses. Unlike the DAC version which creates a continuous elevation, the No DAC form produces a shorter burst that more closely mimics your body's natural growth hormone rhythm, typically lasting 30 minutes to a few hours. It is commonly combined with a GHRP like Ipamorelin to amplify growth hormone release for benefits including improved body composition, recovery, sleep quality, and skin health.

A long-acting version of CJC-1295 that stays active in your body for about a week thanks to a special attachment called DAC (Drug Affinity Complex) that binds to albumin in your blood. You inject it once or twice a week instead of daily. It raises baseline GH levels steadily rather than creating sharp pulses.

Clomifene (Clomid) is an FDA-approved SERM primarily used to induce ovulation in women with fertility issues. In the male health and performance community, it is widely used off-label to raise testosterone by blocking estrogen feedback at the pituitary, stimulating LH and FSH release. It is a racemic mixture of two isomers — enclomifene (anti-estrogenic) and zuclomifene (weakly estrogenic).

CNP is the third natriuretic peptide, but unlike ANP and BNP, it is mainly produced in blood vessels and the brain rather than the heart. Its most important role is stimulating bone growth at growth plates — CNP deficiency causes short stature, while excess causes overgrowth. Vosoritide (a CNP analog) is FDA-approved for achondroplasia based on this mechanism. CNP also has vasodilatory and anti-fibrotic effects.

Cobratide is a purified cobra neurotoxin approved in China as an analgesic for chronic pain conditions. It is one of the few venom-derived peptides in clinical use.

Another last-resort antibiotic closely related to Polymyxin B, critical for fighting extremely drug-resistant gram-negative superbugs. Given as a prodrug (colistimethate sodium) that converts to active colistin in the body. Can be given IV for bloodstream infections or nebulized directly into the lungs for resistant pneumonia. Critical for XDR Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas infections.

Collagen type II peptides are derived from cartilage and taken as supplements for joint health. Undenatured type II collagen (UC-II) works through oral tolerance to reduce the immune attack on joint cartilage.

Colostrinin is a mixture of proline-rich polypeptides naturally found in colostrum (the first milk produced after birth). It has been studied extensively for Alzheimer's disease, where clinical trials showed it could stabilize or improve cognitive function in patients with mild-to-moderate AD. It works as a powerful immune modulator — it can boost a weak immune system or calm an overactive one — and also has direct neuroprotective effects. It is available as an oral supplement (the peptides survive digestion) under brand names like ReGen.

Conantokin-G is a cone snail venom peptide that blocks NMDA glutamate receptors. It has been studied as a potential treatment for epilepsy and pain.

Copeptin is a stable fragment of the vasopressin precursor that serves as a reliable blood biomarker for vasopressin release. It is used clinically to diagnose diabetes insipidus and rule out heart attack.

A copper-binding tripeptide specifically studied for hair growth. Similar to the more famous GHK-Cu but with particularly strong effects on hair follicles. It increases follicle size, promotes hair cell proliferation, and extends the anagen (growth) phase of the hair cycle. The copper ion provides additional support for follicle enzymes and antioxidant defense.

Coramin is a heart-derived cytamin containing peptide bioregulators from animal cardiac tissue. It is designed to support myocardial function, cardiac rhythm stability, and cardiomyocyte resilience, particularly during age-related cardiac decline.

A short peptide from the Khavinson bioregulator family, designed to support the brain's cerebral cortex. It is used in Russian medicine to help with age-related cognitive decline, recovery after strokes, and general brain health. Like other Khavinson peptides, it works by regulating gene expression in the specific tissue it targets — in this case, cortical neurons.

Cortexin is a pharmaceutical-grade extract of peptides from bovine brain cortex, approved and widely used in Russia as a neuroprotective agent. It contains a complex mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals that work together to protect brain cells from damage, reduce inflammation, and improve cognitive function. It is used clinically for stroke recovery, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, and age-related cognitive decline. Think of it as a cocktail of brain-specific repair signals.

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) — the 39-amino acid pituitary hormone that tells your adrenal glands to produce cortisol. But Acthar Gel does more than just raise cortisol levels: it also directly activates melanocortin receptors on immune cells, providing anti-inflammatory effects that are distinct from cortisol itself. FDA-approved for a surprisingly wide range of conditions including MS flares, infantile spasms, nephrotic syndrome, and rheumatic disorders.

Cortistatin is a brain peptide related to somatostatin that promotes slow-wave sleep and has potent anti-inflammatory effects. Unlike somatostatin, it also binds the ghrelin receptor.

A synthetic version of the first 24 amino acids of ACTH (the hormone that tells your adrenal glands to make cortisol). Used primarily as a diagnostic test — inject it and measure cortisol levels 30-60 minutes later to check if the adrenal glands are working properly. In Europe, a depot form (Synacthen Depot) is also used therapeutically for conditions like infantile spasms and multiple sclerosis flares.

CRH is a 41-amino-acid hormone released from the hypothalamus in response to stress. It activates the stress response by triggering ACTH release from the pituitary, which then stimulates cortisol production from the adrenal glands. CRH is the master switch of the HPA axis (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) and plays key roles in anxiety, inflammation, and immune regulation.

Crotamine is a rattlesnake venom peptide that can penetrate cell membranes and deliver cargo into cells. It is being researched as a potential drug delivery and antitumor agent.

An oral peptide complex that supports both innate and adaptive immunity. It provides broader immune support than Vladonix (which is thymus-specific). Used as a general immune bioregulator in Khavinson's oral supplement line.

A powerful immunosuppressive drug originally derived from a soil fungus, used to prevent organ transplant rejection and treat severe autoimmune diseases. It works by blocking T-cell activation — the key immune cells responsible for attacking transplanted organs. Also available as eye drops (Restasis) for chronic dry eye. Revolutionized organ transplantation when introduced in the 1980s.

Dalazatide is an engineered version of the sea anemone ShK toxin designed to selectively block Kv1.3 channels on autoimmune T cells. It completed Phase 1b trials in psoriasis.

The longest-acting antibiotic in clinical use, with a half-life of approximately 346 hours (~14 days). Originally given as two doses (day 1 and day 8), now approved as a single 1500 mg dose that treats the entire infection. Perfect for patients who struggle with adherence or IV access. Structurally related to vancomycin but significantly more potent.

Danuglipron is an oral, non-peptide small molecule that activates the same GLP-1 receptor as injectable semaglutide. Unlike peptide-based GLP-1 drugs that must be injected or specially formulated for oral use, danuglipron is a traditional pill. It reduces appetite, improves blood sugar control, and promotes weight loss, though gastrointestinal side effects remain common.

An FDA-approved antibiotic for serious skin infections and life-threatening S. aureus bloodstream infections. It's a cyclic lipopeptide originally found in soil bacteria. Works by inserting into bacterial membranes and causing them to short-circuit (depolarize). One of the most important last-line antibiotics for treating MRSA and VRE infections that don't respond to other drugs.

Davunetide (also called NAP) is an eight-amino-acid peptide derived from activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), one of the brain's natural protective proteins. It shields neurons from damage by stabilizing microtubules — the structural highways inside brain cells that transport nutrients and signals. When microtubules break down (as they do in Alzheimer's and other tauopathies), neurons die. Davunetide keeps them intact. It reached Phase 2/3 clinical trials for progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), a devastating neurodegenerative disease, and showed neuroprotective effects in multiple animal models.

Decapeptide-12 is a cosmetic peptide that directly inhibits tyrosinase, the key enzyme in melanin production, for skin-brightening effects.

One of your immune system's front-line weapons — small proteins stored in neutrophil (white blood cell) granules that kill bacteria, fungi, and some viruses on contact. They work by punching holes in microbial membranes. Research is exploring synthetic defensins as alternatives to antibiotics, especially for drug-resistant infections.

Unlike triptorelin (which stimulates before suppressing), degarelix immediately blocks the GnRH receptor, causing rapid testosterone suppression without any initial hormone spike. FDA-approved for prostate cancer. Relevant in the peptide community as an example of how GnRH antagonism works differently from agonism.

Deltorphin is a powerful delta-opioid peptide isolated from the skin of South American tree frogs. It is one of the most selective delta-opioid receptor agonists known.

Dermaseptins are antimicrobial peptides from tree frog skin with broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.

A natural antimicrobial peptide that your skin constantly secretes in sweat. Unlike most immune peptides that only appear during infection, dermcidin is always present — it is your skin's first line of defense against bacteria and fungi before they can even cause a problem. It works against a broad range of pathogens, including staph, E. coli, and candida.

Dermorphin is an extraordinarily potent natural pain-relieving peptide originally discovered in the skin of South American tree frogs. It is 30-40 times more potent than morphine by weight and has extremely high selectivity for mu-opioid receptors — the same receptors that morphine and other opioid painkillers target. Its unique feature is a D-amino acid at position 2, which is almost never found in animal peptides and makes it highly resistant to enzymatic breakdown. It is used primarily as a research tool for studying opioid receptor pharmacology.

Des-acyl ghrelin is the unacylated (non-octanoylated) form of ghrelin that lacks the fatty acid modification needed to activate the classical ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a). Despite this, it is the predominant form of ghrelin in circulation (80-90%) and has its own biological activities — including improvements in insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, and cardioprotection — often opposing the appetite-stimulating effects of acylated ghrelin.

Desirudin is a recombinant version of hirudin — the anticoagulant protein from medicinal leeches. It directly inhibits thrombin (the central enzyme in blood clotting) without needing antithrombin as a cofactor, unlike heparin. It is one of the most potent and specific thrombin inhibitors known. It was FDA-approved for preventing blood clots after hip replacement surgery.

Deslorelin is a synthetic GnRH agonist primarily used in veterinary medicine. Like leuprolide and goserelin in humans, it initially stimulates and then suppresses reproductive hormones through continuous GnRH receptor activation. It is used as a subcutaneous implant (Suprelorin) for chemical castration in dogs and for inducing ovulation in mares.

A synthetic version of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) that helps your kidneys retain water. FDA-approved for bedwetting, diabetes insipidus, and to stop bleeding in certain blood disorders. Available as a nasal spray, tablet, or injection. Common in both clinical and wellness contexts.

An extremely potent cognitive-enhancing peptide, reportedly 10 million times more potent than BDNF at promoting nerve connections. It was designed to mimic the brain-protective effects of angiotensin IV. Primarily used for cognitive enhancement and potential neurodegenerative disease applications. Very early stage — mostly animal research.

A synthetic peptide inspired by the venom of the temple viper (Tropidolaemus wagleri). It relaxes facial muscles by blocking the nerve-to-muscle signal, similar to how Botox works but applied topically. Clinical studies by Pentapharm showed up to 52% reduction in wrinkle depth in 28 days. Often marketed as "topical Botox" in cosmetics.

Domagrozumab is a humanized anti-myostatin antibody developed by Pfizer for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). It showed promise in preclinical models by increasing muscle mass in dystrophin-deficient mice, but Phase 2 results in DMD boys were disappointing, failing to improve the primary functional endpoint. Development was discontinued for DMD.

DSIP is a small peptide that promotes deep sleep and helps regulate stress hormones. It works by influencing brain chemicals involved in sleep cycles and may help reduce anxiety by improving sleep quality and lowering stress hormone levels.

A once-weekly GLP-1 injection approved for type 2 diabetes, sold as Trulicity. It links a GLP-1 molecule to an antibody fragment so it stays in your body for about 5 days. Causes moderate weight loss and has proven cardiovascular benefits.

Dynorphin A is the body's primary kappa-opioid receptor activator. Unlike the euphoria-producing mu-opioid system (beta-endorphin), kappa activation by dynorphin produces dysphoria and aversion — it is the "anti-reward" signal. The brain releases dynorphin during stress and drug withdrawal to create negative emotional states. Understanding dynorphin has been key to addiction research and the development of kappa antagonists for depression.

Dynorphin B is a natural opioid peptide that primarily activates kappa-opioid receptors, involved in stress responses and mood regulation rather than classical pain relief.

Ecnoglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist in development for obesity and type 2 diabetes. It works similarly to semaglutide by activating GLP-1 receptors to reduce appetite, slow stomach emptying, and improve blood sugar control. Its extended duration of action supports once-weekly subcutaneous dosing.

Efpeglenatide is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist based on exendin-4 (the lizard-derived peptide behind exenatide). It is conjugated to an Fc fragment to extend its duration of action, allowing once-weekly or once-monthly dosing. The AMPLITUDE-O trial showed cardiovascular benefits in type 2 diabetes patients.

Elabela is a recently discovered hormone that activates the apelin receptor (APJ) and is essential for heart development. It is being studied for its cardioprotective and kidney-protective effects.

The first oral GnRH antagonist — a pill that does what injectable GnRH drugs do. Approved for endometriosis pain and uterine fibroids. The clever part: at lower doses it only partially suppresses estrogen, enough to reduce pain but still preserving enough estrogen to protect bones. Higher doses suppress more completely for more severe symptoms, but add-back therapy can be used for bone protection.

Enclomifene is the purified active isomer of clomifene, isolated to provide cleaner anti-estrogenic effects without the weakly estrogenic zuclomifene isomer found in Clomid. It completed Phase 3 trials for male secondary hypogonadism, showing consistent testosterone elevation while preserving fertility — unlike exogenous testosterone which suppresses sperm production.

An oral peptide complex derived from pineal gland extract. It restores melatonin secretion and circadian rhythm regulation. Considered the "master" bioregulator in Khavinson's framework because disrupted circadian rhythms affect every organ system. Khavinson's own longevity research centers heavily on pineal peptides (Epithalon is the synthetic version, Endoluten is the natural extract form).

Endomorphin-1 is the body's most selective natural painkiller for the mu-opioid receptor — the same receptor targeted by morphine. This 4-amino-acid peptide has the highest selectivity for mu-opioid receptors of any known endogenous opioid, making it the "endogenous morphine." Despite its discovery in 1997, its precursor gene remains unidentified, making it one of the great mysteries of opioid biology.

Endomorphin-2 is one of the most selective natural painkillers for the mu-opioid receptor. It produces strong analgesia with potentially fewer side effects than morphine.

Endothelin-1 is the most potent vasoconstrictor known in the human body. This 21-amino-acid peptide is produced by blood vessel lining cells and causes powerful, long-lasting blood vessel constriction. Overproduction of ET-1 contributes to pulmonary arterial hypertension, heart failure, and kidney disease. Drugs that block its receptors (bosentan, ambrisentan) are used to treat PAH.

Endothelin-2 is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide similar to endothelin-1, involved in ovulation, wound healing, and inflammatory responses.

Endothelin-3 preferentially activates the ETB receptor, causing vasodilation rather than vasoconstriction. It is critical for the development of neural crest-derived cells including melanocytes and enteric neurons.

The first peptide-based antiviral drug — a 36-amino acid peptide that physically blocks HIV from fusing with and entering human immune cells. It works like a molecular doorstop, jamming the viral fusion machinery. Reserved for treatment-experienced HIV patients because it requires twice-daily subcutaneous injections and causes injection site reactions in nearly all patients.

Enterostatin is a pentapeptide released during fat digestion that selectively reduces dietary fat intake. It represents the body's feedback mechanism for fat consumption.

Epifamin is a pineal gland-derived cytamin that supports neuroendocrine balance and melatonin production. It contains peptide bioregulators from animal pineal tissue and is used for sleep regulation, circadian rhythm support, and anti-aging in Russian clinical practice.

Epithalamin is the original pineal gland extract that led to the discovery of Epithalon — one of the most popular anti-aging peptides. While Epithalon is the synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) identified as the active component, Epithalamin is the full bovine pineal extract containing multiple peptides and factors. Khavinson's landmark studies showed Epithalamin could extend lifespan in multiple animal species, restore melatonin production in elderly humans, and activate telomerase. It represents the "first generation" of pineal bioregulators before the active sequence was isolated.

A four-amino-acid peptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) developed by Russian gerontologist Vladimir Khavinson. It activates telomerase — the enzyme that rebuilds the protective caps on your chromosomes — potentially slowing cellular aging. In studies, it extended lifespan in animals and reactivated telomerase in aging human cells.

Eptifibatide is an IV antiplatelet drug derived from the venom of the southeastern pygmy rattlesnake. It blocks the GPIIb/IIIa receptor on platelets — the final common pathway for platelet clumping — making it one of the most potent antiplatelet agents available. It is used during heart attacks and coronary procedures to prevent blood clots.

The first FDA-approved treatment that specifically targets the CGRP migraine pathway. Unlike the other anti-CGRP antibodies that block the CGRP molecule floating in blood, erenumab blocks the CGRP receptor itself — like putting a lock on the door rather than catching the key. Given as a monthly self-injection, it reduces migraine days by about 3-4 per month with minimal side effects.

The first GLP-1 drug ever approved, originally discovered in Gila monster venom. Available as a twice-daily injection (Byetta) or a once-weekly extended-release form (Bydureon). It improves blood sugar control and causes moderate weight loss.

A once-weekly version of exenatide (the first GLP-1 drug, originally from Gila monster venom). The peptide is trapped inside tiny biodegradable microspheres that slowly release it over a week. BCise is the easy-to-use autoinjector pen version. Reduces blood sugar and promotes modest weight loss in type 2 diabetes patients.

Eyeseryl is a cosmetic peptide designed to reduce puffiness and fluid accumulation around the eyes by improving microcirculation and reducing glycation.

Fezolinetant is the first non-hormonal prescription drug specifically approved for menopausal hot flashes. It works by blocking NK3 receptors in the brain's thermoregulatory center. During menopause, overactive NKB (neurokinin B) signaling disrupts the body's thermostat, triggering hot flashes. Fezolinetant calms this signaling without using estrogen, making it an option for women who cannot or prefer not to take hormone therapy.

A liver-produced hormone triggered by fasting, ketosis, and metabolic stress. It improves insulin sensitivity, promotes fat burning, and may even reduce your preference for sweets. Mice engineered to overproduce FGF21 live about 40% longer. Pharmaceutical analogs are being developed for fatty liver disease (NASH). FGF21 is essentially what makes fasting and keto diets metabolically beneficial.

A protein that blocks myostatin — the molecule that limits how much muscle your body can build. By neutralizing myostatin, Follistatin allows greater muscle growth and strength. The "344" refers to the full-length form with 344 amino acids. Known for dramatic muscle effects in animal studies (the "mighty mouse" experiments).

Follistatin-315 is the main circulating form of follistatin in the body. It blocks myostatin and activin — two proteins that limit muscle growth — acting as a natural muscle-growth promoter. Unlike follistatin-344 (the research form), FS-315 has a heparin-binding domain that is partially masked, giving it a longer circulating half-life and more systemic distribution rather than tissue-localized effects.

A peptide that selectively kills senescent "zombie" cells — old, damaged cells that refuse to die and instead secrete inflammatory chemicals that age your tissues. By clearing these cells, it can restore tissue function. In old mice, it restored fitness, fur density, and kidney function. It's the first peptide-based senolytic.

An antibody treatment for migraine prevention that works by capturing and neutralizing CGRP — the pain-signaling molecule released during migraines. Unlike erenumab which blocks the receptor, fremanezumab grabs CGRP itself before it can trigger a migraine. Uniquely offers both monthly (225mg) and quarterly (675mg) dosing options.

Fulvestrant is technically a SERD (selective estrogen receptor degrader) rather than a SERM — it not only blocks the estrogen receptor but destroys it entirely. FDA-approved for ER-positive metastatic breast cancer, it is the most potent anti-estrogen available. In the performance community, it is sometimes discussed for severe estrogen-related side effects unresponsive to SERMs or aromatase inhibitors.

A 30-amino acid neuropeptide that modulates the release of several key neurotransmitters including acetylcholine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. It regulates cognition, mood, pain, feeding, and hormone release. Galanin receptor agonists are being studied as potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy because galanin has both neuroprotective and anticonvulsant properties.

An antibody that neutralizes CGRP for migraine prevention — and notably the first-ever approved preventive treatment for episodic cluster headache ("suicide headache"). Given as a monthly self-injection with a loading dose on the first month. Reduces migraine frequency and has brought real relief to cluster headache sufferers who previously had almost no preventive options.

Gallium-68 DOTATATE (NETSPOT) is an FDA-approved PET imaging agent for detecting neuroendocrine tumors. It binds to somatostatin receptors that are overexpressed on these tumors.

Gallium-68 PSMA-11 is an FDA-approved PET imaging agent for prostate cancer. It detects the PSMA protein overexpressed on prostate cancer cells.

Gamma-endorphin is another POMC-derived fragment with neuromodulatory rather than strong pain-relieving activity. It has been studied for its effects on psychotic behavior in animal models.

Another GnRH antagonist used in IVF to prevent premature ovulation, similar to cetrorelix. It immediately blocks the body's GnRH signal, suppressing LH and FSH without the initial hormone surge seen with GnRH agonists. Given as a daily subcutaneous injection during fertility stimulation cycles.

Gastrin is the main hormone that tells your stomach to produce acid. Released by G cells in the stomach lining after eating, it stimulates parietal cells to secrete hydrochloric acid and promotes growth of the stomach lining. Elevated gastrin (hypergastrinemia) occurs with acid-blocking medications (PPIs) and gastrinomas (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). It exists mainly as gastrin-17 and gastrin-34.

A stress-responsive hormone that acts as the body's endogenous "sickness signal" — it powerfully suppresses appetite by acting on a specific receptor in the brainstem. GDF-15 is elevated during cancer (causing cachexia/wasting), pregnancy (contributing to morning sickness), and metformin use (partly explaining its weight loss effects). Pharmaceutical companies are now developing GDF-15-based obesity drugs.

A naturally occurring tripeptide found in your blood, saliva, and urine. It has a remarkable ability to reset gene expression in aged tissue back toward a younger pattern. Levels decline with age (from ~200 ng/mL at age 20 to ~80 ng/mL at age 60). It can bind copper (becoming GHK-Cu) or work independently.

GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper-binding peptide found in human blood that declines significantly with age. It acts as a powerful signal to your body to repair and regenerate tissue, stimulating collagen production, wound healing, and skin remodeling while also reducing inflammation and scar tissue formation. It is widely used in skincare for anti-aging and is also being studied for hair growth, lung repair, and tissue regeneration.

The body's "hunger hormone" — a 28-amino acid peptide produced mainly in the stomach. It's the only known gut hormone that stimulates appetite. Ghrelin binds the same receptor (GHS-R1a) targeted by MK-677, GHRP-2, GHRP-6, and Hexarelin. It also stimulates growth hormone release, increases gastric motility, and drives reward-seeking behavior. Understanding ghrelin led to the development of the entire class of GH secretagogues.

GHRP-1 was one of the earliest synthetic growth hormone-releasing peptides discovered, paving the way for better-known successors like GHRP-2, GHRP-6, and Hexarelin. It stimulates the pituitary gland to release growth hormone by activating the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a). While it is less commonly used today than its successors (which have been better optimized for potency and side effect profile), it remains available as a research peptide and is historically significant as a foundational compound in the GHS field.

An injectable peptide that tells your pituitary gland to release growth hormone. It's considered the most selective of the classic GH-releasing peptides — meaning it gives you a strong GH pulse with less impact on hunger, cortisol, and prolactin compared to GHRP-6.

GHRP-3 is a synthetic hexapeptide that stimulates growth hormone release from the pituitary gland. It is part of the GHRP family of research peptides developed alongside GHRP-1, 2, and 6. GHRP-3 has seen minimal clinical development compared to GHRP-2 and GHRP-6 and remains largely a research tool.

GHRP-4 is a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide from the same research series as GHRP-1 through 6. It stimulates growth hormone secretion from the pituitary gland. It has seen minimal clinical development and is primarily a research tool with limited published data compared to GHRP-2 and GHRP-6.

GHRP-5 is a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide in the GHRP research series. Like its counterparts, it stimulates pituitary growth hormone release. Minimal clinical development has occurred, and it is primarily referenced in early GH secretagogue research literature. GHRP-2 and GHRP-6 remain the clinically relevant members of this family.

One of the original GH-releasing peptides. It triggers a strong growth hormone pulse AND significantly increases hunger. The appetite boost makes it popular for people trying to gain weight or muscle mass. It's injected subcutaneously, usually 2-3 times daily.

GIP is one of the two incretin hormones (alongside GLP-1) — released from K cells in the upper intestine after eating, it stimulates insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. GIP is responsible for roughly 50-70% of the incretin effect. It is the "other half" of dual incretin therapy — tirzepatide (Mounjaro) works by activating both GIP and GLP-1 receptors, which is why it is so effective for weight loss and diabetes.

Glandokort is a peptide bioregulator for the adrenal glands — the small organs on top of your kidneys that produce cortisol, adrenaline, DHEA, and aldosterone. These hormones control your stress response, energy levels, blood pressure, and immune function. With age, adrenal function gradually declines (sometimes called "adrenal fatigue" in alternative medicine, though this remains debated). Glandokort aims to restore proper adrenal gene expression, supporting balanced cortisol rhythms and hormonal output without directly providing hormones.

One of the oldest and safest treatments for relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). It is a random mixture of four amino acids designed to mimic a component of the myelin sheath (the insulation around nerves that MS attacks). Rather than suppressing the immune system broadly, it shifts the immune response from harmful inflammation to a protective, anti-inflammatory mode. Given as a subcutaneous injection daily or three times per week.

The body's natural "blood sugar rescue" hormone, produced by pancreatic alpha cells. Pharmaceutical glucagon is used as an emergency treatment when a diabetic person's blood sugar drops dangerously low (severe hypoglycemia). Now available in easier-to-use forms: a nasal powder (Baqsimi) that a bystander can puff into the nose, and an auto-injector (Gvoke) that works like an EpiPen.

The master antioxidant of the human body. This tripeptide is found in every cell and is critical for detoxification, immune function, and keeping the body's redox balance in check. Available as IV, subcutaneous injection, oral, liposomal, and nebulized forms. Also extremely popular for skin lightening — it inhibits the enzyme that produces melanin. Levels decline with age, illness, and toxin exposure.

Gluten exorphins are mild opioid peptides released during digestion of wheat gluten. They have been hypothesized to contribute to the rewarding properties of wheat-containing foods.

Glycomacropeptide is a peptide released from milk protein during cheese-making that promotes satiety and is uniquely suitable for people with PKU because it lacks phenylalanine.

GnRH is the master reproductive hormone, a 10-amino-acid peptide released in pulses from the hypothalamus. It travels to the pituitary gland where it triggers the release of LH and FSH — the hormones that control testosterone production in men and ovulation in women. Its pulsatile release pattern is critical: continuous GnRH actually shuts down reproduction, which is how GnRH agonist drugs work.

The natural hormone your hypothalamus makes to control your entire reproductive system. Given as an injection, it stimulates your pituitary to release LH and FSH, which drive testosterone and estrogen production. Used diagnostically and therapeutically — popular in the peptide community for maintaining testicular function during TRT or for PCT.

A GnRH agonist delivered as a tiny implant injected under the skin of the abdomen. It initially stimulates and then shuts down the body's sex hormone production — effectively a chemical castration used to treat prostate cancer, breast cancer, and endometriosis. Available as 1-month or 3-month implants.

An oral peptide complex derived from muscle tissue. It supports muscle fiber regeneration and helps reduce age-related muscle loss (sarcopenia). Used as an oral bioregulator for maintaining muscle mass and function in aging populations.

One of the very first antibiotics ever discovered (1939, by Rene Dubos). A linear peptide from soil bacteria that kills bacteria by forming tiny ion channels in their membranes, letting ions leak out uncontrollably. Too toxic for injection but widely used topically — it's one of the three active ingredients in Neosporin (alongside neomycin and polymyxin B). A staple of first-aid kits worldwide.

GSK2881078 is a non-steroidal SARM developed by GlaxoSmithKline for muscle wasting in COPD and other chronic conditions. It completed Phase 2 trials showing increased lean body mass with a manageable side effect profile, though development appears to have been deprioritized.

Guanylin (and its relative uroguanylin) are small peptides made by intestinal cells that regulate fluid secretion into the gut. They activate the same receptor (GC-C) that bacterial heat-stable enterotoxins hijack to cause traveler's diarrhea. This natural mechanism inspired the development of linaclotide and plecanatide — FDA-approved drugs for IBS-C and chronic constipation.

GW0742 is a PPARdelta agonist structurally related to GW501516 (Cardarine) but with higher selectivity for PPARdelta over PPARalpha and PPARgamma. It is a research compound studied for its effects on fat metabolism, inflammation, and cardiovascular function. It has not entered clinical trials and its carcinogenicity profile is less characterized than GW501516.

GW501516 (Cardarine) is a PPARdelta receptor agonist originally developed for metabolic disease that dramatically improves endurance and fat oxidation. It was abandoned during clinical development after rodent studies showed cancer development at high doses over extended periods. Despite this, it remains widely used in performance circles for its powerful effects on stamina and body composition. It is permanently banned by WADA.

HBD-1 is an antimicrobial peptide constitutively produced by epithelial surfaces throughout the body. It provides constant baseline protection against microbes.

HBD-2 is an antimicrobial peptide induced by infection or inflammation at epithelial surfaces. It is one of the body's key inducible first-line defenses.

HBD-3 is the most potent human beta-defensin, with strong activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi, even in salt concentrations that inactivate other defensins.

HCG is a hormone naturally produced during pregnancy that closely mimics luteinizing hormone (LH). In men, it stimulates the testes to produce testosterone and sperm, making it invaluable for maintaining fertility during testosterone replacement therapy or for post-cycle therapy after steroid use. In women, it triggers ovulation and is a cornerstone of fertility treatment. It also helps maintain testicular size and function in men on TRT.

HD-5 is an antimicrobial peptide produced by Paneth cells in the small intestine. It protects the gut lining from bacterial invasion and helps maintain healthy intestinal flora.

Hemopressin is a peptide derived from hemoglobin that acts as an inverse agonist at CB1 cannabinoid receptors. It reduces appetite and pain without THC-like psychoactive effects.

Hemorphins are opioid peptides derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin. They have mild analgesic and blood pressure-lowering properties.

Hepatamin is a liver-derived cytamin designed to support hepatic detoxification, metabolic function, and liver cell regeneration. It contains peptide bioregulators extracted from animal liver tissue that are proposed to help normalize liver enzyme activity and protect hepatocytes.

Hepcidin is the body's master iron-regulating hormone, produced by the liver. It also has direct antimicrobial activity and is the reason iron levels drop during infection (to starve bacteria of iron).

A peptide derived from yeast fermentation that helps skin cells multiply and stay firm. It stimulates both keratinocytes (surface skin cells) and fibroblasts (collagen-producing cells), improving firmness and elasticity. Works well alongside vitamin C and retinol in anti-aging formulations.

An injectable peptide that strongly stimulates growth hormone release. It's one of the most potent GH-releasing peptides available. Unlike Ipamorelin, it also raises cortisol and prolactin somewhat, but has unique heart-protective properties.

The fat-burning portion of growth hormone, isolated as a standalone peptide. It promotes fat breakdown without the muscle-building or blood sugar effects of full GH. Popular in the biohacking community for targeted fat loss.

Histatin-5 is a natural antifungal peptide in human saliva that protects the mouth from Candida infections. It is the primary reason healthy saliva prevents oral thrush.

A GnRH agonist delivered as a tiny implant placed under the skin of the arm that lasts a full 12 months — the longest-acting GnRH formulation available. One simple office procedure per year replaces daily or monthly injections. Used for prostate cancer (Vantas) and central precocious puberty in children (Supprelin LA), where consistent hormone suppression is critical.

HMG is a fertility medication that combines the two key reproductive hormones — FSH and LH — in a 1:1 ratio. FSH stimulates egg follicle growth in women and sperm production in men, while LH triggers ovulation in women and testosterone production in men. It is extracted from the urine of postmenopausal women (who produce high levels of these hormones). In the peptide community, it is sometimes used by men on TRT or post-cycle therapy to maintain or restore both testosterone production and sperm count simultaneously.

HNP-2 is a natural antimicrobial peptide released by white blood cells (neutrophils) to kill invading bacteria, fungi, and some viruses.

HNP-3 is a neutrophil-derived antimicrobial peptide that works alongside HNP-1 and HNP-2 as part of the body's first-line immune defense.

Honluten is a synthetic short-chain peptide cytogen for respiratory bioregulation. It is designed to support bronchopulmonary tissue health and respiratory function through targeted peptide signaling at the gene expression level.

A tiny protein encoded in your mitochondrial DNA — one of only a handful known. It protects cells from dying, especially brain cells. Higher humanin levels in your blood are associated with better metabolic health and longer lifespan. It's being researched for Alzheimer's, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

Huwentoxin-IV is a spider venom peptide that blocks Nav1.7 sodium channels, which are essential for pain signaling. It is a lead compound for developing new non-opioid painkillers.

Iberiotoxin is a scorpion venom peptide that selectively blocks large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels. It is a standard research tool in ion channel pharmacology.

A drug used to treat acute attacks of hereditary angioedema (HAE) — episodes of severe, potentially life-threatening swelling of the face, throat, abdomen, or limbs. It works by blocking the bradykinin B2 receptor — bradykinin is the molecule that causes the swelling in HAE. Given as a single subcutaneous injection, it provides relief within 30-60 minutes and patients can self-administer at home.

IGF-1 DES is a truncated form of IGF-1 missing the first three amino acids (des(1-3)IGF-1). This truncation dramatically reduces its binding to IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), making approximately 10 times more of the peptide bioavailable to activate IGF-1 receptors compared to full-length IGF-1. It is used in research and performance contexts for its potent anabolic and proliferative effects on muscle tissue.

A modified version of IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1) that lasts much longer in the body than natural IGF-1. It promotes muscle cell growth and division, and helps shuttle nutrients into muscle cells. The modification (Arg3 substitution + 13-amino acid extension) prevents it from being neutralized by IGF-binding proteins.

IGF-2 (Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2) is a growth factor primarily important during fetal development and early growth. Unlike IGF-1 which is mainly GH-dependent, IGF-2 production is largely GH-independent and regulated by genomic imprinting. It plays roles in placental growth, fetal organ development, and metabolic regulation. It is less studied than IGF-1 for therapeutic applications.

The first in a new class of diabetes drugs called "glimins" that work by improving how mitochondria (the energy factories inside your cells) function. Approved in Japan for type 2 diabetes. It's a small molecule, not technically a peptide, but included here for metabolic completeness. Uniquely targets the root cause of metabolic dysfunction — impaired mitochondrial energy production — which affects both insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity.

Immunofan is a synthetic hexapeptide approved in Russia as a pharmaceutical immunomodulator. It works in three phases: first (within hours) it acts as an antioxidant, boosting cellular defenses against oxidative damage; then (over days) it stimulates the immune system by enhancing phagocytosis and restoring T-cell function; finally (over weeks) it helps normalize the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory immune signals. It is used clinically in Russia for chronic infections, cancer adjuvant therapy, immunodeficiency states, and as a vaccine adjuvant.

Indolicidin is a short, tryptophan-rich antimicrobial peptide from bovine neutrophils with broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, and HIV.

Inhibin B is a hormone produced by the testes (Sertoli cells) in men and the ovaries in women. Its main job is to put the brakes on FSH secretion from the pituitary, providing negative feedback in the reproductive axis. In men, inhibin B levels serve as a marker of spermatogenesis and Sertoli cell function. In women, it is a marker of ovarian reserve and follicular activity.

A rapid-acting mealtime insulin — very similar to lispro but with a different amino acid change. One proline is swapped for aspartic acid, which adds a negative charge that pushes insulin molecules apart so they absorb faster. The newer Fiasp version adds vitamin B3 (niacinamide) to speed things up even more. Widely used in insulin pumps and for mealtime bolus dosing.

The most stable basal insulin available — lasts over 42 hours with an incredibly flat profile. A fatty acid chain attached to the insulin molecule lets it form long chains under the skin and bind to albumin in the blood, creating a massive slow-release reservoir. This means you can inject it at different times each day without blood sugar swings. The DEVOTE trial proved it causes less severe hypoglycemia than other basal insulins.

The most widely prescribed long-acting (basal) insulin in the world. Engineered to release slowly and steadily over 24+ hours with no sharp peak — mimicking the background insulin your pancreas normally drips out all day. You inject it once daily and it forms tiny clumps under the skin that dissolve gradually, providing a flat, predictable insulin level.

Insulin Glulisine (brand name Apidra) is a rapid-acting insulin analog designed to mimic the body's natural mealtime insulin spike. It starts working within 15 minutes of injection and peaks at about 1 hour — much faster than regular human insulin. This makes it ideal for controlling blood sugar spikes after meals. It was engineered by swapping two amino acids in human insulin to prevent the molecules from clumping together, allowing faster absorption from the injection site.

Insulin Icodec (brand name Awiqli) is a revolutionary once-weekly basal insulin — the first of its kind to receive FDA approval. Instead of daily injections, patients inject just once per week and get smooth, steady insulin coverage for 7 full days. This is possible because the insulin molecule has been engineered with a fatty acid side chain that binds tightly to albumin in the blood, creating a slow-release depot. Clinical trials showed it controls blood sugar as effectively as daily insulin glargine (Lantus) with the same safety profile.

The first engineered insulin analog, designed to work faster than regular insulin. A simple swap of two amino acids (lysine and proline at positions B28-B29) prevents insulin molecules from clumping together, so they absorb into the bloodstream much faster after injection. Starts working in about 15 minutes and peaks at 1-2 hours — matching mealtime glucose spikes better than regular insulin.

Ipamorelin is a growth hormone-releasing peptide that stimulates your pituitary gland to produce more growth hormone in a controlled, pulsatile manner that mimics natural release patterns. Unlike older GH-releasing peptides, it does not significantly increase cortisol or prolactin, making it one of the cleanest options for GH optimization. Users typically report improved sleep quality, better recovery, fat loss, and enhanced skin elasticity.

IPP and VPP are milk-derived tripeptides produced during fermentation that inhibit ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) and may modestly lower blood pressure. They are found in functional foods like Calpis/Ameal.

A hormone released by muscles during exercise — sometimes called "exercise in a bottle." It converts white fat (storage fat) into brown fat (calorie-burning fat), improves insulin sensitivity, and enhances bone density. Irisin is what gives you some of the metabolic benefits of exercise. It's a cleaved fragment of a muscle protein called FNDC5.

The "master switch" for your reproductive hormone system. It triggers your brain to release GnRH, which then triggers LH and FSH — the hormones that drive testosterone and estrogen production. Being studied as a fertility treatment and as an alternative to traditional hormone stimulation. Also interesting for PCT (post-cycle therapy).

The full-length version of kisspeptin, a hormone that acts as the master switch for reproduction. While kisspeptin-10 (a shorter fragment) is already used in research, the full 54-amino-acid version lasts longer and produces a more sustained stimulation of reproductive hormones. It is being studied as a safer alternative to hCG for triggering egg maturation during IVF, since it carries a much lower risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS).

A protein discovered in 1997 with remarkable anti-aging effects — mice engineered to overproduce it live about 30% longer. The circulating form (soluble Klotho) acts as a hormone throughout the body, reducing oxidative stress and calming down the insulin/IGF-1 aging pathway. Klotho levels decline with age and kidney disease. Named after the Greek goddess who spins the thread of life.

KPV is a tiny three-amino-acid peptide fragment derived from the anti-inflammatory hormone alpha-MSH. Despite its small size, it has potent anti-inflammatory effects, particularly in the gut, where it helps calm inflammatory bowel conditions by reducing the activity of inflammatory signaling pathways. It is commonly used for gut inflammation, skin conditions, and general inflammatory issues, and can be taken orally or used topically.

A powerful antimicrobial peptide released when your stomach acid digests lactoferrin, a protein found in milk. It is actually more potent at killing bacteria than the original lactoferrin protein it comes from. Beyond fighting infections, it has shown anti-tumor effects and can boost immune function — making it one of the most versatile natural defense peptides.

A long-acting injectable that mimics the hormone somatostatin to suppress growth hormone and other hormones. Used to treat acromegaly (excess growth hormone) and certain neuroendocrine tumors. Given as a deep subcutaneous injection once every 4 weeks — the drug forms a depot under the skin that slowly releases over the month.

A peptide that tightens the junctions between cells in your gut lining, preventing "leaky gut." It blocks zonulin, a protein that opens these gaps. Originally developed for celiac disease, it's the first drug specifically targeting intestinal permeability. May help with various autoimmune and inflammatory gut conditions.

Lasofoxifene is a third-generation SERM approved by the European Medicines Agency for osteoporosis. It shows broad tissue selectivity — bone protection, breast cancer risk reduction, cardiovascular benefit, and vaginal health improvement — with minimal uterine stimulation. It is also being investigated for ESR1-mutant ER+ breast cancer.

Lemon Bottle is a non-peptide injectable fat-dissolving product that uses a blend of natural enzymes and compounds to break down localized fat deposits. Unlike Kybella (deoxycholic acid), it does not contain bile acids. Instead, it uses bromelain (a pineapple enzyme) to weaken fat cell structures, lecithin to emulsify released fats, and riboflavin (vitamin B2) to boost cellular energy and metabolism. It is popular in aesthetic medicine for spot reduction of small fat deposits like submental fat (double chin) and love handles.

Leptin is the "satiety hormone" — produced by fat cells in proportion to body fat mass, it signals the brain that energy stores are sufficient. When leptin drops (during dieting or low body fat), the brain triggers intense hunger, reduced metabolism, and fat-storage mode. Most obese individuals have high leptin levels but are leptin-resistant, similar to insulin resistance in diabetes. Recombinant leptin (metreleptin) is approved for rare lipodystrophy.

Leu-enkephalin is the sister peptide to met-enkephalin, differing by just one amino acid (leucine instead of methionine at position 5). It is derived from both proenkephalin and prodynorphin precursors. Like met-enkephalin, it primarily activates delta-opioid receptors to modulate pain, but it also has affinity for kappa-opioid receptors.

Leuphasyl is a cosmetic peptide that mimics enkephalin to reduce muscle contractions that cause expression lines. It is often combined with Argireline for enhanced anti-wrinkle effects.

One of the most widely prescribed GnRH agonists. Like triptorelin, it initially stimulates testosterone/estrogen then suppresses them with continued use. FDA-approved for prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, precocious puberty, and as part of IVF protocols. Available in depot forms lasting 1, 3, 4, or 6 months.

LGD-3303 is an orally active SARM developed by Ligand Pharmaceuticals with strong anabolic effects on both muscle and bone. Preclinical studies show it can increase bone mineral density and lean muscle mass while maintaining selectivity over reproductive tissues.

Libidon is a prostate-derived cytomax containing refined peptide bioregulators for prostate health. It differs from Prostamax in peptide purification and concentration and is designed for more targeted prostate tissue support, particularly for benign prostatic hyperplasia and chronic prostatitis.

Ligandrol is one of the most potent SARMs, showing significant lean muscle gains even at low doses (1 mg/day). It has completed Phase 2 trials for hip fracture recovery and muscle wasting. It has a high anabolic-to-androgenic ratio but does suppress natural testosterone at higher doses, requiring consideration of post-cycle recovery.

An FDA-approved oral peptide for IBS with constipation (IBS-C) and chronic constipation. It works on the surface of your intestinal lining to increase fluid secretion and speed up gut motility. It also reduces abdominal pain by decreasing the sensitivity of pain-sensing nerves in the gut.

An FDA-approved daily injection that mimics a gut hormone called GLP-1. It slows stomach emptying, reduces appetite, and helps regulate blood sugar. Sold as Victoza for diabetes and Saxenda for weight loss. It's the predecessor to semaglutide.

A tetrapeptide bioregulator that targets liver tissue. It modulates liver cell gene expression and promotes hepatocyte regeneration. Khavinson's research demonstrated that Livagen causes structural changes in liver cell chromosomes (decondensation of heterochromatin), essentially "unlocking" silenced genes needed for liver cell renewal.

A once-daily GLP-1 agonist based on exendin-4 (the Gila monster peptide). It excels at controlling blood sugar spikes after meals by strongly slowing stomach emptying. Also available combined with insulin glargine (as Soliqua) for a convenient single injection that covers both basal insulin and GLP-1 effects.

Your body's own natural antibiotic peptide. It fights bacteria, viruses, and fungi by poking holes in their outer membranes. Beyond killing microbes, it also calms inflammation and helps wounds heal. Used as an injection or topically for infections, biofilms, and chronic inflammatory conditions.

A once-weekly growth hormone for children that's cleverly designed to release native, unmodified GH over the course of a week. Unlike somapacitan (which IS a modified GH), lonapegsomatropin is normal GH temporarily attached to a carrier that slowly releases it — so the body sees the same natural GH pulses it would expect. Approved for pediatric GH deficiency.

LUNA-18 is a macrocyclic peptide inhibitor targeting KRAS G12C and G12D mutations, which are among the most common oncogenic drivers. It is in Phase 1 trials for advanced solid tumors.

Lunasin is a soy-derived peptide with proposed anticancer and cholesterol-lowering properties. It is available as a dietary supplement and is being researched for epigenetic effects.

Luspatercept is a red blood cell maturation agent that treats anemia by a novel mechanism. It traps activin and GDF-11 — signals that block the final stages of red blood cell development in the bone marrow. By removing this brake, it allows more red blood cells to mature and enter the bloodstream. It is FDA-approved for anemia in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and beta-thalassemia, reducing transfusion needs.

A groundbreaking cancer treatment that combines a tumor-targeting peptide with a radioactive atom. The peptide (DOTATATE) homes in on somatostatin receptors that neuroendocrine tumors overexpress, carrying the radioactive lutetium-177 directly to the cancer cells and irradiating them from the inside. It's both a diagnostic tool (imaging) and a therapeutic weapon — the "theranostic" concept. The NETTER-1 trial showed a 79% reduction in disease progression.

Pluvicto (Lu-177 PSMA-617) is a targeted radioactive treatment for advanced prostate cancer. It combines a small molecule that binds PSMA (a protein highly expressed on prostate cancer cells) with a radioactive isotope (lutetium-177) that destroys cancer cells with beta radiation. The targeting molecule delivers the radiation directly to cancer cells while sparing most healthy tissue.

An oral growth hormone stimulation test — the first and only FDA-approved oral test for diagnosing adult growth hormone deficiency. You drink a solution, then have blood drawn at specific intervals to measure your GH response. It works by mimicking ghrelin (the hunger hormone) to trigger GH release. Much simpler than older GH stimulation tests that required IV infusions.

Magainin-2 is an antimicrobial peptide from the African clawed frog that kills bacteria by disrupting their cell membranes. Its synthetic analog pexiganan was tested in clinical trials.

A small peptide from wasp venom that has become an important template for designing new antimicrobial drugs. It can directly activate signaling proteins inside cells (G-proteins) and trigger mast cells to release histamine — which is why wasp stings cause such intense local reactions. Scientists are now engineering modified versions as next-generation antibiotics and anti-cancer agents.

Matrixyl Morphomics is the newest generation of the Matrixyl peptide family, designed to remodel skin architecture by stimulating extracellular matrix components and improving skin morphology.

A dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist being developed primarily for the Chinese market by Innovent Biologics (partnered with Eli Lilly). Activates two appetite and metabolism pathways simultaneously: GLP-1 (reduces appetite, slows stomach emptying) and glucagon (boosts fat burning and energy expenditure). Phase 3 data in China showed up to 14.4% body weight loss at 24 weeks.

MCH is a brain hormone that stimulates appetite and promotes REM sleep. It is a major orexigenic signal, and MCH receptor antagonists have been explored for obesity and sleep disorders.

Recombinant human IGF-1 — the actual growth factor that GH tells your liver to produce. Used for children with severe primary IGF-1 deficiency (Laron syndrome), where the GH receptor doesn't work so giving GH is useless. These children are extremely short, and mecasermin directly replaces the missing IGF-1. Requires twice-daily injections with meals due to significant hypoglycemia risk.

The main active ingredient in bee venom, making up about half of dry bee venom by weight. While bee stings hurt because melittin destroys cell membranes, researchers have found that at controlled doses it has powerful anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antimicrobial effects. Bee venom therapy (apitherapy) — used for centuries for arthritis and pain — works largely because of melittin.

Met-enkephalin (methionine-enkephalin) is a 5-amino-acid endogenous opioid peptide — one of the first natural painkillers discovered in the brain. It primarily activates delta-opioid receptors to modulate pain. Interestingly, met-enkephalin also acts as the "Opioid Growth Factor" (OGF), regulating cell growth through the OGFr receptor, which has led to cancer research investigating its anti-proliferative effects.

Metformin is the world's most prescribed diabetes drug and is not a peptide, but it is frequently asked about in peptide communities due to its prominent role in longevity research. It improves insulin sensitivity, reduces hepatic glucose output, and activates AMPK — a master metabolic regulator. The landmark TAME (Targeting Aging with Metformin) trial is testing whether it can slow human aging. It synergizes well with many peptide protocols.

A splice variant of IGF-1 that's specifically produced when muscles are damaged from exercise. It activates dormant muscle stem cells (satellite cells) to repair and grow new muscle tissue. It's like the body's natural muscle-repair signal, concentrated into an injectable form.

Micafungin is an IV echinocandin antifungal that works the same way as caspofungin — by blocking fungal cell wall synthesis. It is approved for treating invasive candidiasis, esophageal candidiasis, and for preventing fungal infections in stem cell transplant patients. It has the advantage of no dose adjustment needed for liver or kidney impairment.

A synthetic peptide modeled after a component of bacterial cell walls, packaged in tiny fat bubbles (liposomes) and used as a cancer treatment. It activates macrophages — immune cells that can engulf and destroy cancer cells — making it a form of cancer immunotherapy. It is approved in Europe for treating osteosarcoma (bone cancer) in young patients after surgical removal of the tumor.

MK-0773 is a steroidal SARM that completed a Phase 2 trial for sarcopenia (age-related muscle loss) in elderly women. It showed improvements in lean body mass but was associated with elevated liver enzymes, which limited further development.

A pill you take by mouth that mimics the hunger hormone ghrelin, tricking your pituitary gland into releasing more growth hormone. Unlike injected GH peptides, it works orally and lasts about 24 hours per dose.

Modimelanotide is a research melanocortin receptor agonist in the same peptide family as Melanotan II and PT-141 (bremelanotide). Melanocortin peptides activate MC1R-MC5R receptors, with effects ranging from skin tanning (MC1R), sexual arousal (MC3R/MC4R), appetite suppression (MC4R), to anti-inflammatory effects (MC1R/MC3R). Modimelanotide is designed with modifications to improve receptor selectivity and reduce the side effects (nausea, flushing) associated with less selective melanocortins like MT-2.

Motilin is the gut's housekeeper hormone — a 22-amino-acid peptide released cyclically during fasting to trigger the migrating motor complex (MMC), which sweeps food remnants and bacteria through the small intestine. This is the "stomach growling" signal. Erythromycin (the antibiotic) happens to activate the motilin receptor, which is why it is sometimes used to treat gastroparesis.

MOTS-c is a naturally occurring peptide encoded by mitochondrial DNA that acts as a cellular energy regulator and exercise mimetic. It improves how cells process glucose and fatty acids, essentially mimicking some of the metabolic benefits of exercise at the cellular level. Research suggests it may help with insulin sensitivity, fat metabolism, and exercise performance, and its levels naturally decline with age.

MT-2, or Melanotan 2, is a synthetic peptide that stimulates melanin production in the skin, producing a tan without significant UV exposure. Beyond tanning, it also has effects on sexual arousal, appetite suppression, and fat metabolism through its action on multiple melanocortin receptors. It is widely used but carries a higher side effect profile than more selective melanocortin peptides, including nausea, facial flushing, and the development of new moles or darkening of existing ones.

The gold standard for MRSA nasal decolonization and a frontline treatment for impetigo. Derived from the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it has a completely unique mechanism — it blocks an enzyme (isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase) that no other antibiotic targets, meaning there is zero cross-resistance with any other antibiotic class. Applied intranasally to eliminate MRSA carriage or topically for skin infections.

A peptide that promotes eyelash and eyebrow growth by stimulating keratin production in hair follicle cells. Unlike bimatoprost (Latisse), which uses a prostaglandin mechanism, this peptide works through keratin gene expression — a non-prostaglandin pathway with fewer side effects like iris color changes. Popular ingredient in lash and brow growth serums.

N-Acetyl Epitalon Amidate is a chemically stabilized version of Epithalon, the well-known anti-aging tetrapeptide that activates telomerase. The added protective groups on both ends of the peptide (acetyl on the front, amide on the back) shield it from being broken down by enzymes in the blood, meaning more of it survives to reach its target cells. This potentially makes it more potent and longer-lasting than standard Epithalon, though this specific modification has not been independently evaluated in clinical studies.

A souped-up version of Selank, a Russian anti-anxiety peptide. The added chemical modifications (an acetyl cap on one end, an amide cap on the other) help it survive longer in your bloodstream and cross into the brain more easily. Users report calmer focus, reduced anxiety, and improved mood — often stronger and longer-lasting than regular Selank.

The most potent version of Semax, a Russian nootropic peptide originally developed for stroke recovery. The chemical modifications make it far more stable and better at crossing into the brain. In some lab tests, it raises BDNF (a key brain growth factor) up to 60 times more than standard Semax. Users report sharper focus, improved memory, and enhanced motivation.

NAD+ is a critical molecule found in every cell of your body that serves as fuel for hundreds of essential biological processes, including energy production, DNA repair, and cellular aging defenses. NAD+ levels naturally decline with age, and restoring them through supplementation or injection has been shown to improve energy, support healthy aging, and enhance cellular repair mechanisms. Injectable NAD+ delivers the molecule directly into the bloodstream, bypassing digestion for maximum availability.

The only GnRH agonist available as a nasal spray. Like other GnRH agonists, it suppresses sex hormone production by overwhelming the pituitary gland's GnRH receptors. Used to treat endometriosis and central precocious puberty (early puberty in children). The nasal spray makes it easier to use than injections, though it requires twice-daily dosing.

Nelipepimut-S (NeuVax) is a HER2-targeted peptide vaccine designed to prevent breast cancer recurrence by training the immune system to attack HER2-expressing cancer cells. Phase 3 results were disappointing.

Nephrogen is a synthetic short-chain peptide cytogen for renal bioregulation. It is designed to support kidney function and nephron health through targeted modulation of renal cell gene expression.

Nesfatin-1 is a satiety peptide discovered in 2006 that reduces appetite through a melanocortin-dependent pathway. Derived from the protein NUCB2 (nucleobindin-2), it is produced in the hypothalamus and acts alongside leptin to suppress food intake. Unlike many appetite peptides, nesfatin-1 works even in leptin-resistant states, making it a potential target for obesity research.

A synthetic version of BNP (B-type Natriuretic Peptide), the hormone your heart releases when it's overstretched. It relaxes blood vessels, reduces fluid overload, and takes pressure off the heart. FDA-approved for acute heart failure (IV only). Your doctor may test your blood BNP levels to check for heart failure — this is the therapeutic version.

Neurokinin A is a tachykinin peptide closely related to Substance P, both encoded by the same TAC1 gene. It preferentially activates NK2 receptors on smooth muscle, causing bronchoconstriction in the airways and contraction in the GI tract. It plays roles in asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and pain signaling.

Neurokinin B is the tachykinin peptide most important for reproduction. It is part of the KNDy neuron system (Kisspeptin/NKB/Dynorphin) that controls GnRH pulsatility. NKB drives GnRH pulses while dynorphin terminates them. This discovery led directly to the development of NK3 receptor antagonists (like fezolinetant/Veozah) for treating menopausal hot flashes, which are caused by dysfunctional NKB signaling.

Neuromedin B is a bombesin-related peptide that regulates GI motility, feeding behavior, and body temperature. It also stimulates the release of several pituitary and gut hormones.

Neuromedin S is a neuropeptide found in the brain's master clock (suprachiasmatic nucleus) that regulates circadian rhythms and also suppresses appetite.

Neuromedin U is a neuropeptide involved in energy balance, feeding, and inflammation. It reduces food intake and increases energy expenditure, making it a target for obesity research.

Neuropeptide B is a brain peptide involved in pain signaling, feeding regulation, and neuroendocrine control. It shares receptors with neuropeptide W.

Neuropeptide FF modulates the body's opioid pain system. It can either enhance or oppose opioid effects depending on where it acts, and is involved in opioid tolerance.

Neuropeptide S promotes wakefulness and reduces anxiety simultaneously — an unusual combination. It is being studied as a potential target for anxiety disorders and sleep-wake regulation.

Neuropeptide W is a brain peptide involved in feeding, energy balance, pain, and neuroendocrine regulation. It signals through the same receptors as neuropeptide B.

NPY is a stress-resilience peptide that reduces anxiety and fear responses. It acts through Y1 receptors to dampen excessive stress responses and promote emotional regulation.

Neurotensin is a 13-amino-acid peptide with dual roles in the gut and brain. In the GI tract, it is released from N cells after fat-rich meals and promotes fat absorption, stimulates pancreatic secretion, and modulates gut motility. In the brain, it acts as a neuromodulator, interacting with dopamine systems and producing effects on pain modulation and body temperature regulation.

The most commercially successful antimicrobial peptide in the world. Naturally produced by the bacterium Lactococcus lactis (found in milk). FDA-approved as GRAS for food preservation since 1988 — used in cheese, canned foods, and processed meats. Kills gram-positive bacteria by punching holes in their membranes. Now being studied for clinical applications against MRSA and biofilm infections.

Nociceptin (also called orphanin FQ) is a 17-amino-acid peptide that resembles opioids structurally but acts on its own unique receptor (NOP/ORL-1). Unlike classical opioids, it does not produce euphoria or respiratory depression. Its effects are complex and context-dependent: it can be both pro-pain and anti-pain depending on the brain region. It is involved in anxiety, stress responses, and addiction, making the NOP receptor an attractive drug target.

Nocistatin is a natural peptide that blocks pain signaling by opposing the effects of nociceptin. It comes from the same precursor gene but has the opposite effect.

Nonapeptide-1 is a cosmetic peptide that reduces melanin production by antagonizing alpha-MSH at the MC1R receptor, used in skin-brightening products.

Noopept is one of the most popular nootropic peptides in the world, developed in Russia as a more potent successor to piracetam. It works by boosting levels of two critical brain growth factors — BDNF and NGF — which support learning, memory formation, and nerve cell health. Users typically notice improved memory recall, faster thinking, and better focus within days of starting it. It is roughly 1,000 times more potent by weight than piracetam, meaning effective doses are measured in milligrams rather than grams.

Normoftal is a synthetic short-chain peptide cytogen designed for ocular bioregulation. Unlike tissue-derived cytamins and cytomaxes, cytogens are synthesized peptides with defined sequences. Normoftal targets retinal and ocular tissue to support visual function and protect against age-related degeneration.

Obestatin is a peptide derived from the same gene as ghrelin that was initially claimed to suppress appetite — the opposite of ghrelin. However, this finding has been highly controversial and largely not replicated.

A synthetic version of somatostatin — the body's "off switch" for hormone release. It suppresses growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, and gut hormones. FDA-approved for acromegaly (excess GH), carcinoid tumors, and severe diarrhea. Important in the peptide space because it's the opposite of GH-releasing peptides.

A long-acting monthly injection form of octreotide — the workhorse somatostatin analog used for acromegaly and carcinoid tumors. The drug is trapped in tiny biodegradable microspheres that slowly release it over 4 weeks. Even more remarkable: Mycapssa is now the first oral somatostatin analog, using a special absorption enhancer to get the peptide through the stomach lining intact.

Omega-agatoxin IVA is a spider venom peptide that selectively blocks P/Q-type calcium channels, which are critical for neurotransmitter release throughout the brain.

Omega-conotoxin GVIA is a peptide from cone snail venom that blocks N-type calcium channels. It is a widely used research tool for studying pain and neurotransmitter release.

Omiganan is a synthetic antimicrobial peptide based on bovine indolicidin, developed as a topical antiseptic for preventing catheter infections and treating skin conditions.

Ophthalamin is an eye tissue-derived cytamin containing peptide bioregulators from animal retinal and ocular tissue. It supports visual health, retinal function, and lens clarity, used in Russia for age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, and visual fatigue.

Opiorphin is a natural pain-relieving peptide found in human saliva. Rather than activating opioid receptors directly, it boosts the body's own enkephalins by blocking the enzymes that break them down.

Neuropeptides produced in the hypothalamus that control wakefulness, appetite, and reward. Loss of orexin-producing neurons is what causes narcolepsy. Drugs that block orexin receptors (suvorexant/Belsomra, lemborexant/Dayvigo) are FDA-approved sleep aids that work differently from traditional sedatives — they turn off the wakefulness signal rather than forcing sedation. Orexin agonists are being developed to treat narcolepsy.

A pill form of a GLP-1 drug — no injection needed. It's a small molecule (not actually a peptide) that activates the same GLP-1 receptor as semaglutide. In Phase 2 trials, it showed up to 14.7% weight loss. Could be a game-changer for people who don't want injections.

A remarkable single-dose antibiotic that can treat an entire skin infection with just one IV infusion. It has three killing mechanisms (cell wall synthesis inhibition, membrane disruption, and blocking crosslinking). Its incredibly long half-life (~245 hours / ~10 days) means the drug keeps working in your body for weeks after a single dose. Ideal for patients who can't take daily antibiotics.

Ospemifene is a SERM FDA-approved specifically for dyspareunia (painful intercourse) due to vulvovaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. It acts as an estrogen agonist in vaginal tissue, restoring mucosal thickness and lubrication, while maintaining anti-estrogenic effects in breast and uterine tissue.

Ostarine is the most extensively studied SARM (selective androgen receptor modulator), designed to selectively stimulate androgen receptors in muscle and bone without the broad hormonal side effects of traditional anabolic steroids. It promotes lean muscle gain, bone density, and fat loss. It has completed Phase 3 clinical trials for muscle wasting and stress urinary incontinence.

A tripeptide bioregulator for liver and GI tract health. It restores hepatocyte function and modulates gene expression in liver cells. Studied in chronic hepatitis models where it showed improvements in liver enzyme levels and tissue regeneration.

Ovariamin is an ovary-derived cytamin containing peptide bioregulators from animal ovarian tissue. It supports female hormonal balance, ovarian function, and fertility, used in Russia for menopausal symptoms, diminished ovarian reserve, and hormonal imbalances.

Oxytocin is a neuropeptide that acts on specific receptors in the brain to reduce fear responses and anxiety. It enhances top-down regulation from the prefrontal cortex to the amygdala, dampening fear-related brain activity.

P21 is a small peptide derived from ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) — a natural brain protein that promotes the birth of new neurons. Unlike full-length CNTF (which is too large to cross the blood-brain barrier and causes weight loss as a side effect), P21 has been trimmed down to just the neurogenesis-promoting portion and modified for brain penetration. It stimulates the growth of new brain cells in the hippocampus (the memory center) and has shown improvements in spatial learning and memory in Alzheimer's disease mouse models.

PACAP is a neuroprotective peptide found throughout the brain and nervous system. It stimulates cAMP production in the pituitary (hence its name) and has broad protective effects on neurons, including defense against oxidative stress and apoptosis. It exists in two forms (27 and 38 amino acids) and is involved in migraine pathology, stress responses, and circadian rhythm regulation.

Palmitoyl hexapeptide-12 is a cosmetic peptide designed to stimulate elastin production and improve skin barrier function.

One of the most proven anti-aging skincare peptides. It's a fragment of collagen that signals your skin to make more collagen, elastin, and other structural proteins. Applied topically in serums and creams. Clinical studies show it can reduce wrinkle depth comparably to retinol without the irritation.

An anti-inflammatory skin peptide that calms UV-induced irritation and aging. It works by suppressing the inflammatory signals (IL-6) that skin cells release after sun exposure. Best known as half of the Matrixyl 3000 duo (combined with Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1). Reduces chronic low-grade skin inflammation that drives visible aging.

A lipid-attached version of the GHK peptide (the same one used in GHK-Cu) designed for topical skin application. It penetrates the skin to stimulate collagen production and tissue repair. Often combined with Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 in products marketed as Matrixyl 3000.

The most comprehensive matrix-rebuilding cosmetic peptide available. Instead of stimulating just one or two skin components, it triggers production of 6 major structural components: collagen I, III, and IV, fibronectin, hyaluronic acid, and laminin-5. Think of it as a "full renovation" peptide for the skin's structural framework.

One of the most potent collagen-stimulating cosmetic peptides available. It mimics a natural protein (thrombospondin-1) that tells skin cells to make more collagen. Studies by Sederma showed up to 119% increase in collagen production. Used in high-end anti-aging serums as a topical alternative to collagen injections.

A tetrapeptide bioregulator that targets pancreatic tissue. It helps normalize insulin secretion and blood glucose levels. Part of Professor Khavinson's organ-specific peptide series, where short peptides (2-4 amino acids) are matched to specific organs. Studied primarily in diabetic animal models and in Russian clinical settings.

Pancreastatin is a fragment of chromogranin A that inhibits insulin secretion and stimulates glycogenolysis. It plays a role in glucose metabolism and is implicated in diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a gut hormone released after meals that reduces appetite and slows digestion. Low PP levels have been associated with obesity.

Pankramin is a pancreas-derived cytamin containing peptide bioregulators designed to support pancreatic function, including digestive enzyme production and insulin secretion. It is used for metabolic support and blood sugar regulation in Russian clinical practice.

A unique somatostatin-like drug that works on a broader range of somatostatin receptors than octreotide or lanreotide. It is the only somatostatin analog proven to treat Cushing's disease — a condition where the pituitary gland overproduces ACTH, leading to excess cortisol. Major side effect is high blood sugar, which occurs in the majority of patients.

A small peptide fragment that blocks a specific potassium channel in the brain called TREK-1. Blocking TREK-1 produces antidepressant effects similar to SSRIs, but instead of taking weeks to work, the effect can appear within days in animal studies. It represents a completely new approach to treating depression that bypasses the serotonin system entirely.

A long-acting version of FGF21, a natural hormone that helps the liver burn fat and manage metabolism. It is being developed to treat fatty liver disease (NASH/MASH), a condition where fat builds up in the liver and causes inflammation and scarring. In clinical trials, it significantly reduced liver fat and improved markers of liver damage.

Pegcetacoplan is a PEGylated cyclic peptide that blocks complement component C3 — the central hub of the entire complement immune system. By targeting C3, it blocks all downstream complement pathways. It is FDA-approved for two different conditions: as an injection (Empaveli) for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) where complement destroys red blood cells, and as an eye injection (Syfovre) for geographic atrophy in macular degeneration.

Peginesatide was a synthetic peptide that mimicked erythropoietin (EPO) to treat anemia in dialysis patients. It was FDA-approved in 2012 but withdrawn in 2013 due to fatal anaphylaxis reactions.

The opposite of growth hormone therapy — pegvisomant blocks the GH receptor instead of activating it. Used for acromegaly (excess GH production, usually from a pituitary tumor) when surgery and somatostatin analogs fail. It's a modified GH molecule that binds the receptor but can't activate it, like a key that fits the lock but won't turn. Normalizes IGF-1 levels in over 90% of patients.

Pemvidutide is a dual-acting peptide that activates both GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. The GLP-1 component reduces appetite and improves blood sugar, while the glucagon component increases energy expenditure and promotes fat burning in the liver. This combination makes it particularly promising for fatty liver disease (MASH) alongside weight loss.

Penetratin is a cell-penetrating peptide derived from the Drosophila fruit fly Antennapedia protein. It was one of the first CPPs discovered and is widely used for intracellular drug delivery.

Pentagastrin is a synthetic five-amino-acid fragment of gastrin used as a diagnostic agent to test stomach acid secretion. It is also used to provoke calcitonin release for medullary thyroid cancer screening.

An FDA-approved oral medication for interstitial cystitis (bladder pain syndrome) that also has remarkable joint-protective properties. It mimics the protective coating of your bladder and joint cartilage. Used in veterinary medicine (Cartrophen) for arthritis in dogs for decades. Being studied for osteoarthritis in humans.

Pexiganan is a synthetic antimicrobial peptide derived from frog magainin-2. It was developed as a topical antibiotic cream for infected diabetic foot ulcers but did not gain FDA approval.

Phoenixin is a recently discovered peptide (2013) involved in reproductive function and anxiety. It stimulates GnRH neurons to promote reproductive hormone release and has anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) effects. It exists as two forms (PNX-14 and PNX-20) and is widely expressed in the hypothalamus, heart, and other tissues. It also appears to play roles in pain modulation, memory, and inflammation.

Pidotimod is a synthetic dipeptide immunostimulant approved in several European and Asian countries to reduce the frequency and severity of respiratory infections, particularly in children and elderly patients. It works by stimulating both innate and adaptive immunity — activating dendritic cells to better recognize pathogens, promoting Th1 immune responses, and enhancing the maturation and activity of T-cells. Clinical trials show it can reduce the number of respiratory infections per year by 40-50% when used preventively.

Pielotax is a peptide bioregulator designed to support kidney health and function. The kidneys filter 200 liters of blood daily, regulate electrolytes, produce erythropoietin (for red blood cell production), and activate vitamin D. Kidney function naturally declines with age — losing about 1% of filtration capacity per year after age 40. Pielotax targets kidney tissue to help maintain filtration capacity, tubular function, and the kidney's hormonal roles by restoring age-disrupted gene expression patterns.

Pinealon is a short three-amino-acid peptide designed to support the pineal gland, the part of your brain that produces melatonin and regulates your sleep-wake cycle. It helps normalize melatonin production naturally, which can improve sleep quality, support circadian rhythm balance, and provide antioxidant protection to brain cells. It is part of a class of Russian bioregulator peptides developed to restore organ function at the genetic level.

Similar to linaclotide — an oral peptide for chronic constipation and IBS-C. It's designed to mimic uroguanylin, a natural gut hormone that's activated by the pH of your intestines. It may cause less diarrhea than linaclotide because it activates more specifically in the right part of the gut.

A cyclic peptide originally extracted from a Mediterranean sea squirt. It has been approved in Australia for treating multiple myeloma (a blood cancer). During the COVID-19 pandemic, lab studies showed it was about 27 times more potent against SARS-CoV-2 than remdesivir, highlighting the pharmaceutical potential of marine-derived peptides.

PNC-27 is an anticancer peptide that selectively kills cancer cells while leaving normal cells completely unharmed. It works by targeting a protein called HDM-2 that is found on the surface membranes of cancer cells but not normal cells. When PNC-27 binds to membrane-bound HDM-2, it punches holes in the cancer cell membrane, causing the cell to die by necrosis. It has shown activity against a wide range of cancers including breast, pancreatic, lung, colon, and leukemia — all in laboratory settings. It does not require functional p53 in the cancer cell to work.

A last-resort antibiotic for serious gram-negative infections that resist everything else. It works by binding to the LPS (lipopolysaccharide) layer of gram-negative bacteria and ripping their outer membrane apart. Discovered in 1947 but fell out of favor due to kidney toxicity — now back as a critical weapon against superbugs like carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE).

A synthetic version of amylin — a hormone normally released alongside insulin from the pancreas after meals. It slows stomach emptying, blocks the post-meal glucagon spike, and makes you feel full faster. Often called the "forgotten diabetes drug" because most diabetics only use insulin, missing out on the partner hormone amylin that fine-tunes blood sugar control.

Procalcitonin is the precursor of calcitonin that surges in the blood during bacterial infections. It is widely used in hospitals to diagnose bacterial infections and guide antibiotic decisions.

Progeline is a cosmetic peptide that targets progerin, the abnormal protein responsible for accelerated aging in progeria. It aims to reduce progerin buildup in normal aging skin.

Prostalamin is a prostate-derived cytamin containing peptide bioregulators from animal prostate tissue. It supports prostate gland function and urinary health, commonly used in Russia for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and age-related prostate issues.

Prostamax is a tetrapeptide bioregulator designed to support prostate health. It is part of Professor Khavinson's organ-specific peptide series, where short peptides are matched to specific tissues. Prostamax targets prostate tissue, where it helps normalize gland function by reducing inflammation, supporting healthy cell differentiation, and potentially reactivating genes that become silenced during aging. It has been studied primarily in animal models of prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Prostatilen is a pharmaceutical-grade peptide extract from bovine prostate tissue, approved in Russia for the treatment of chronic prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It reduces prostate inflammation, swelling, and pain while improving urinary flow and sexual function. Available as both injectable and suppository formulations, it is one of the most commercially successful Khavinson-derived products. Russian clinical data shows significant improvement in prostate symptoms and quality of life scores.

Protegrin-1 is a potent antimicrobial peptide from pig white blood cells with broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses.

Prothymosin alpha is a small nuclear protein found in virtually every cell in the body but concentrated in thymic tissue. Unlike most immune peptides that work from outside the cell, prothymosin alpha functions inside the nucleus where it helps control gene expression related to cell proliferation and immune regulation. It enhances the activity of natural killer cells, promotes T-cell maturation, and has shown anti-tumor effects in preclinical studies. It is also studied for its unique ability to protect cells from death (anti-apoptotic) after ischemic injury.

ProTx-II is a tarantula venom peptide and one of the most potent known blockers of Nav1.7 sodium channels. It is a leading research compound for non-opioid pain drug development.

PT-141, also known as bremelanotide, is the only FDA-approved peptide for treating low sexual desire in women. Unlike medications that work on blood flow, PT-141 works directly in the brain by activating melanocortin receptors involved in sexual arousal and desire. It is used by both men and women for sexual dysfunction, working through a fundamentally different mechanism than PDE5 inhibitors like Viagra.

PYY is the "fullness hormone" — a 36-amino-acid peptide released from intestinal L cells after eating. Its active form PYY(3-36) acts on the brain's appetite centers (hypothalamus) to reduce hunger and food intake. It works as a natural counterbalance to ghrelin (the hunger hormone). PYY levels increase proportionally to calories consumed, particularly with protein and fat.

RAD-140 (Testolone) is a potent SARM known for strong anabolic effects comparable to low-dose testosterone, plus emerging neuroprotective properties. It has shown ability to protect brain cells from amyloid-beta toxicity in preclinical models. It entered Phase 1 trials for breast cancer (as an AR agonist to counter ER-driven tumors).

RAD-150 is an esterified version of RAD-140 designed for a longer half-life and more stable blood levels. The ester modification provides extended-release pharmacokinetics, potentially reducing dosing frequency and peak-trough fluctuations compared to RAD-140.

Raloxifene is a second-generation SERM FDA-approved for osteoporosis prevention and treatment in postmenopausal women, and for breast cancer risk reduction. Unlike tamoxifen, it does not stimulate the uterine lining, giving it a better safety profile for long-term use. In the performance community, it is sometimes preferred over tamoxifen for gynecomastia management.

Ramoplanin is a lipoglycodepsipeptide antibiotic that kills bacteria by blocking cell wall synthesis. It completed Phase 3 trials for preventing C. difficile infection.

Relamorelin is a synthetic ghrelin analog developed for diabetic gastroparesis. It activates the ghrelin receptor to speed up stomach emptying and reduce nausea and vomiting in patients whose diabetes has damaged their stomach nerves. Phase 2 trials showed meaningful improvements in gastric emptying time and symptoms.

Relaxin-2 is a pregnancy hormone that relaxes blood vessels and softens connective tissue. It increases blood flow to the kidneys and heart, reduces blood pressure, and promotes tissue remodeling. Serelaxin (recombinant relaxin-2) was investigated for acute heart failure but narrowly failed Phase 3 trials, despite promising Phase 2 results showing reduced mortality.

An oral pill that replaces injectable hormone-suppressing treatments for advanced prostate cancer. One tablet daily achieves the same testosterone suppression as monthly/quarterly injections of leuprolide — with faster onset and quicker recovery when stopped. The HERO trial showed it actually works better than leuprolide for maintaining castrate testosterone levels, and testosterone recovers much faster after stopping (important for intermittent therapy).

Renisamin is a kidney-derived cytamin containing peptide bioregulators from animal renal tissue. It supports kidney filtration, renal cell function, and fluid/electrolyte balance, used in Russia for chronic kidney conditions and age-related renal decline.

Resistin is a hormone linked to insulin resistance and inflammation. In humans, it is produced mainly by immune cells and elevated in obesity and inflammatory conditions.

Retatrutide is a next-generation triple-action peptide that activates three metabolic receptors at once: GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors. The addition of glucagon receptor activity increases energy expenditure and fat burning beyond what dual agonists achieve, while the GLP-1 and GIP components handle appetite suppression and blood sugar control. Early clinical trials have shown weight loss exceeding 24% of body weight, suggesting it may become the most potent obesity treatment peptide.

A clot-busting drug used in emergency rooms to treat heart attacks. It is a shortened, lab-made version of a natural enzyme (tPA) that dissolves blood clots. Its key advantage is simple dosing — two quick injections 30 minutes apart — compared to older clot-busters that require a 90-minute IV drip. When a coronary artery is blocked by a clot, reteplase can restore blood flow and save heart muscle.

Retinalamin is an injectable peptide extract derived from bovine retinal tissue, approved in Russia for the treatment of various eye diseases. Unlike the oral supplement Visoluten, Retinalamin is a pharmaceutical-grade retinal extract administered by injection (parabulbar or intramuscular). It is used clinically for diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma-related retinal damage, and post-surgical eye recovery. Russian clinical data reports improved visual acuity and retinal function in treated patients.

Revilab ML-01 is a multi-component capsule formulation targeting anti-aging and cancer protection. It combines Khavinson bioregulatory peptides with vitamins, antioxidants, and micronutrients for systemic longevity support.

Revilab ML-02 is a multi-component capsule formulation targeting the neuroendocrine system. It combines brain, pineal, and thymic bioregulatory peptides with vitamins and cofactors for cognitive and hormonal support.

Revilab ML-03 is a multi-component capsule formulation targeting the immune system. It combines thymic, bone marrow, and pineal bioregulatory peptides with immune-supportive vitamins and minerals.

Revilab ML-04 is a multi-component capsule formulation targeting the cardiovascular system. It combines vascular, cardiac, and thymic bioregulatory peptides with cardiovascular-supportive nutrients.

Revilab ML-05 is a multi-component capsule formulation targeting the musculoskeletal system. It combines cartilage, muscle, and thymic bioregulatory peptides with joint-supportive nutrients like glucosamine and chondroitin.

Revilab ML-06 is a multi-component capsule formulation targeting the respiratory and digestive systems. It combines bronchial, hepatic, and pancreatic bioregulatory peptides with organ-supportive nutrients.

Revilab ML-07 is a multi-component capsule formulation targeting the male reproductive system. It combines testicular, prostate, and adrenal bioregulatory peptides with male health-supportive nutrients like zinc and vitamin D.

Revilab ML-08 is a multi-component capsule formulation targeting the urinary system. It combines kidney, bladder, and thymic bioregulatory peptides with renal-supportive nutrients.

Revilab ML-09 is a multi-component capsule formulation targeting the female reproductive system. It combines ovarian, thymic, and pineal bioregulatory peptides with female health-supportive nutrients like folate and iron.

Revilab SL-01 is a sublingual multi-peptide complex targeting the cardiovascular system. It combines several Khavinson bioregulatory peptides in a convenient sublingual delivery format for heart and blood vessel support.

Revilab SL-02 is a sublingual multi-peptide complex targeting the nervous system and eyes. It combines bioregulatory peptides for brain, pineal, and retinal tissue support in a sublingual format.

Revilab SL-03 is a sublingual multi-peptide complex targeting the immune and neuroendocrine systems. It combines bioregulatory peptides for thymic, pineal, and bone marrow support to restore immune competence and hormonal balance.

Revilab SL-04 is a sublingual multi-peptide complex targeting the musculoskeletal system. It combines bioregulatory peptides for cartilage, bone, and muscle tissue support.

Revilab SL-05 is a sublingual multi-peptide complex targeting the gastrointestinal tract. It combines bioregulatory peptides for stomach, liver, and pancreatic tissue support.

Revilab SL-06 is a sublingual multi-peptide complex targeting the respiratory system. It combines bioregulatory peptides for bronchial, lung, and immune tissue support.

Revilab SL-07 is a sublingual multi-peptide complex targeting the hematopoietic (blood-forming) system. It combines bioregulatory peptides for bone marrow, thymic, and vascular tissue support to optimize blood cell production and immune function.

Revilab SL-08 is a sublingual multi-peptide complex targeting the urinary system. It combines bioregulatory peptides for kidney and bladder tissue support.

Revilab SL-09 is a sublingual multi-peptide complex targeting male reproductive health. It combines bioregulatory peptides for testicular, prostate, and adrenal tissue support.

Revilab SL-10 is a sublingual multi-peptide complex targeting female reproductive health. It combines bioregulatory peptides for ovarian, thymic, and pineal tissue support to address hormonal balance, fertility, and menopausal symptoms.

A "peptibody" — a novel fusion of a platelet-stimulating peptide with an antibody backbone — used to treat immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), a condition where the immune system destroys platelets causing dangerous bleeding risk. It tricks the body's platelet-making machinery into producing more platelets by mimicking the natural platelet growth factor thrombopoietin (TPO).

RVD-hemopressin (pepcan-12) is an extended version of hemopressin that acts as a positive allosteric modulator of CB2 cannabinoid receptors, potentially useful for inflammation and pain.

S-23 is one of the most potent SARMs studied, with strong anabolic effects on muscle and bone. Uniquely, it has been investigated as a potential male hormonal contraceptive because it suppresses FSH and LH to near-zero levels at effective doses, causing reversible infertility in animal studies. It is considered too suppressive for casual use.

Salmon calcitonin is a 32-amino-acid peptide used to treat osteoporosis and Paget's disease of bone. The salmon form is 40-50 times more potent than human calcitonin because of its greater receptor binding affinity. It works by directly inhibiting osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells), slowing bone loss. Available as a nasal spray (Miacalcin, Fortical) or injection, it also has analgesic effects for bone pain.

Sarafotoxins are venom peptides from the Israeli mole viper that are structurally nearly identical to human endothelin. They cause lethal vasoconstriction in envenomation.

A natural gut hormone used as a diagnostic tool to test how well the pancreas is functioning and to help diagnose gastrinomas (gastrin-producing tumors). When injected, it stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate and fluid — if the pancreas is diseased, this response is diminished. Also gained public attention when studied as a potential autism treatment, but clinical trials showed no benefit.

Secretoneurin is a 33-amino-acid peptide derived from secretogranin II (chromogranin C). It is released from neuroendocrine cells and neurons and has diverse biological effects including stimulating new blood vessel growth (angiogenesis), attracting immune cells (chemotaxis), and promoting wound healing. It has been studied as a potential therapy for ischemic heart disease due to its ability to stimulate blood vessel formation in oxygen-starved tissue.

Selank is a synthetic peptide that reduces anxiety and improves mood by modulating the brain's GABA system and influencing serotonin metabolism. It works similarly to anti-anxiety medications but without causing sedation or addiction.

Semaglutide mimics a natural gut hormone called GLP-1 that is released after eating, which tells your brain you are full and signals your pancreas to manage blood sugar more effectively. It slows stomach emptying, reduces appetite, and helps the body use insulin more efficiently, leading to significant weight loss and improved metabolic health. It is one of the most clinically validated peptides available, with FDA approval for both type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management.

The first GLP-1 drug you can take as a pill instead of an injection — a remarkable pharmaceutical achievement since peptides normally get destroyed in the stomach. The trick is a special absorption enhancer called SNAC that protects semaglutide and helps it cross the stomach lining. Must be taken on an empty stomach with only a small sip of water, then wait 30 minutes before eating or drinking anything else.

Semax is a synthetic brain-boosting peptide based on a fragment of the stress hormone ACTH, designed to enhance memory, focus, and mental clarity. It works by increasing the production of brain-derived growth factors that support neuron health and improve how brain cells communicate with each other. It has also been studied for stroke recovery, where it may help protect brain tissue from damage.

Sermorelin is a truncated version of the natural growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) your brain produces. It works by stimulating the pituitary gland to make and release more growth hormone naturally, preserving the body's normal feedback loops so you don't overshoot into excess GH levels. It is commonly used for age-related GH decline and supports improved body composition, sleep, and recovery.

An FDA-approved injection for rare genetic obesity caused by specific gene mutations (POMC, PCSK1, LEPR deficiency). It works by activating the MC4R receptor in the brain that controls hunger and metabolism — the same receptor affected by PT-141 and MT-2, but this one is specifically designed for appetite regulation. Not for general weight loss.

ShK toxin is a sea anemone peptide that selectively blocks Kv1.3 potassium channels on immune cells. This makes it a promising lead for treating autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis.

An oral peptide complex derived from cartilage and bone tissue. It restores chondrocyte (cartilage cell) and osteoblast (bone-building cell) function. Used as an oral bioregulator for osteoarthritis and osteoporosis support in Russian clinical practice.

A synthetic version of the active part of cholecystokinin (CCK), the hormone that makes your gallbladder contract after a fatty meal. Used in medical imaging to stimulate gallbladder contraction so doctors can measure the ejection fraction (how well the gallbladder empties) — a key test for diagnosing gallbladder dysfunction. Also used to speed up barium transit during GI X-ray studies.

SLU-PP-332 is a compound that activates the same molecular pathways your body uses during exercise, essentially tricking your muscles into thinking they are working out. It targets receptors called ERRs that control how muscles use energy and build endurance, leading to increased fat burning and improved exercise capacity in animal studies. While not a traditional peptide, it represents a new class of molecules that could help people who cannot exercise due to disease or disability.

Snap-8 is a cosmetic peptide that reduces wrinkles by relaxing facial muscles in a way similar to Botox, but without injections or toxins. It works by interfering with the molecular machinery that causes muscle contractions, specifically targeting the SNARE complex that nerve cells use to release signals to muscles. With regular topical application, it can reduce the depth of expression lines by up to 35% over several weeks.

A game-changer for growth hormone therapy — the first once-weekly GH approved by the FDA. It's a modified GH molecule that sticks to albumin in your blood, slowing its clearance from ~2 hours to about a week. Patients get one injection per week instead of seven, with equivalent results. The REAL 4 trial confirmed it works just as well as daily GH injections.

Somatostatin-14 is the body's primary brake on growth hormone secretion. This 14-amino-acid cyclic peptide is produced in the hypothalamus, GI tract, and pancreas, where it broadly inhibits the release of numerous hormones including GH, TSH, insulin, glucagon, and gastric acid. It is the endogenous form that inspired drugs like octreotide and lanreotide.

Recombinant human growth hormone — the reference standard that all GH secretagogues (ipamorelin, CJC-1295, MK-677, etc.) are compared against. An exact copy of the 191-amino acid protein your pituitary gland naturally produces. FDA-approved for many conditions from childhood growth disorders to adult GH deficiency and AIDS wasting. The gold standard for GH replacement, but requires daily injections, is expensive, and has regulatory and side effect considerations.

Sotatercept is a first-in-class treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) that works by a completely novel mechanism. It acts as a trap for activin and other TGF-beta superfamily ligands that drive abnormal blood vessel growth in the lungs. By rebalancing growth-promoting and growth-inhibiting signals, it reverses the vascular remodeling that causes PAH. It was a major breakthrough as the first new mechanism for PAH in over a decade.

Spexin is a recently characterized peptide (2007) that suppresses appetite, reduces body weight, and inhibits fat cell function. Its levels are dramatically reduced in obese individuals, making it a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for obesity. Spexin also modulates reproductive function, cardiovascular activity, and adrenal hormone secretion. It signals through galanin receptors GalR2 and GalR3.

SR9009 (Stenabolic) is a Rev-Erb-alpha agonist that influences circadian rhythm genes controlling metabolism, fat storage, and energy expenditure. In animal studies, it increased exercise capacity, reduced fat mass, and improved mitochondrial function. It has very poor oral bioavailability (approximately 2%), which significantly limits its practical effectiveness when taken orally despite widespread marketing as an oral compound.

SR9011 is an improved analog of SR9009 with higher potency at Rev-Erb-alpha receptors. Like SR9009, it modulates circadian metabolic pathways to increase fat oxidation and energy expenditure. It was also identified in cancer research for its ability to induce apoptosis in tumor cells by disrupting the oncogenic circadian transcriptional program.

SS-31 is a small peptide that concentrates inside mitochondria, the energy factories of your cells, where it helps them produce energy more efficiently and protects them from damage. By stabilizing a key component of the mitochondrial membrane called cardiolipin, it can restore youthful energy production in aging or damaged cells. It is being studied for heart failure, kidney disease, and age-related mitochondrial decline.

Stamakort is a peptide bioregulator targeting the stomach lining (gastric mucosa). It aims to support the health and regeneration of the cells that produce stomach acid, digestive enzymes, and the protective mucus layer. This is relevant for age-related digestive decline, chronic gastritis, and recovery from H. pylori damage. Many people over 50 produce insufficient stomach acid (hypochlorhydria), leading to poor nutrient absorption — Stamakort aims to normalize this function at the gene expression level.

Stamulumab was the first anti-myostatin antibody tested in humans, developed by Wyeth (now Pfizer) for muscular dystrophy. While it demonstrated proof-of-concept that myostatin blockade was safe in humans, it showed disappointing efficacy — no significant muscle strength or function improvements — leading to its discontinuation. It paved the way for more potent successors.

An 11-amino acid neuropeptide that transmits pain signals, triggers inflammation, and controls the vomiting reflex. It's one of the oldest known neuropeptides (discovered in 1931). Elevated Substance P levels are found in fibromyalgia, IBS, and depression. Drugs that block its receptor (NK1 antagonists like aprepitant/Emend) are used as powerful anti-nausea medications during chemotherapy.

Suprefort is a tetrapeptide bioregulator targeting the pancreas — the organ that produces insulin and digestive enzymes. It works by restoring healthy gene expression in pancreatic cells, potentially improving both insulin secretion (endocrine function) and digestive enzyme production (exocrine function). This makes it relevant for age-related blood sugar control issues, chronic pancreatitis recovery, and supporting overall digestive health. It is one of the most sought-after Khavinson bioregulators for metabolic optimization.

Suprenamin is an adrenal gland-derived cytamin containing peptide bioregulators from animal adrenal tissue. It supports adrenal function, cortisol balance, and stress adaptation, used in Russia for adrenal fatigue, chronic stress, and HPA axis dysregulation.

A next-generation dual-action injection that activates both GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. The glucagon component adds extra fat-burning on top of the appetite suppression from GLP-1. In trials, it's shown impressive weight loss (~19%) and significant liver fat reduction for fatty liver disease (MASH).

Svetinorm is a peptide bioregulator specifically designed for liver health. As part of Khavinson's organ-targeted series, it contains short peptides that home to liver tissue (hepatocytes) and help restore normal gene expression patterns disrupted by aging, toxin exposure, or chronic liver conditions. The liver is the body's chemical factory — responsible for detoxification, protein synthesis, bile production, and hundreds of metabolic processes. Svetinorm aims to support regeneration and functional capacity of hepatic tissue.

Tabimorelin is an oral growth hormone secretagogue that was developed by Novo Nordisk. It stimulates the pituitary to release growth hormone by activating the ghrelin receptor, similar to MK-677 but with a different chemical structure. Phase 2 trials in GH-deficient adults showed GH increases, but development was discontinued.

Taldefgrobep alfa is an anti-myostatin adnectin (engineered protein based on fibronectin scaffolds rather than antibodies) developed for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. It has a smaller molecular size than antibodies, potentially allowing better tissue penetration. Phase 2/3 trials in DMD are ongoing, making it one of the most advanced myostatin inhibitor programs.

Tamoxifen is the original SERM, FDA-approved for breast cancer treatment and prevention since the 1970s. It blocks estrogen receptors in breast tissue while acting as a partial estrogen agonist in bone and uterus. In the peptide/performance community, it is widely used for post-cycle therapy (PCT) to restore natural testosterone production after anabolic suppression by stimulating pituitary LH and FSH release.

TAT peptide is a short sequence from the HIV virus that can cross cell membranes and carry attached cargo (drugs, proteins, nanoparticles) into cells. It is one of the most widely used cell-penetrating peptides.

Taxorest is a peptide bioregulator for the bronchial and lung tissue. The respiratory system faces constant assault from pollutants, pathogens, and oxidative stress. With age, lung capacity naturally declines and the bronchial lining becomes less resilient. Taxorest aims to restore proper gene expression in bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar tissue, supporting mucociliary clearance, surfactant production, and overall respiratory function. It is used by people with chronic respiratory conditions or those seeking to maintain lung health during aging.

TB-500 is a synthetic version of a naturally occurring peptide called Thymosin Beta-4 that plays a key role in tissue repair. It promotes healing by stimulating new blood vessel formation, reducing inflammation, and encouraging cell migration to injured areas. It is commonly used for muscle tears, tendon injuries, and general recovery support.

A GLP-2 analog that promotes growth of the intestinal lining. It is used for people with short bowel syndrome — a condition where much of the small intestine has been surgically removed and the remaining gut can't absorb enough nutrients. Teduglutide makes the remaining intestine grow taller villi (finger-like absorptive projections), improving nutrient and fluid absorption and reducing dependence on IV nutrition.

A glycopeptide antibiotic widely used in Europe (though not approved in the US) as an alternative to vancomycin. Better tolerated than vancomycin (less "Red Man syndrome"), can be given IM (not just IV), and only needs once-daily dosing. Particularly useful for bone and joint infections due to excellent tissue penetration. A complex of 5 related compounds.

An enhanced version of vancomycin designed to be more potent against resistant bacteria. It has a dual mechanism — not only does it block cell wall synthesis like vancomycin, but it also directly damages bacterial membranes (causes depolarization). FDA-approved for complicated skin infections and hospital-acquired MRSA pneumonia.

An FDA-approved daily injection of parathyroid hormone fragment for severe osteoporosis. Unlike most osteoporosis drugs that slow bone loss, this one actually builds NEW bone. It stimulates osteoblasts (bone-building cells) to create new bone tissue. Used for 2 years maximum due to theoretical osteosarcoma risk from animal studies.

A modified vasopressin that preferentially constricts the blood vessels feeding the gut (splanchnic circulation). Approved in 2022 for hepatorenal syndrome — a life-threatening condition where the kidneys shut down due to advanced liver disease. It works by redirecting blood flow from the dilated splanchnic vessels back to the kidneys, restoring kidney function.

Tesamorelin is a modified version of natural growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) that is specifically FDA-approved to reduce stubborn visceral belly fat. It works by stimulating the pituitary gland to release growth hormone, which then targets deep abdominal fat deposits that are metabolically dangerous. Beyond fat reduction, it also supports improved body composition, cognitive function, and cardiovascular risk markers.

Tesofensine is a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) originally developed for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's that was repurposed for obesity after Phase 2 trials showed dramatic weight loss — averaging 12.8 kg over 6 months at the highest dose, making it one of the most potent oral weight loss agents ever tested. It is in Phase 3 trials for obesity.

Testagen is a four-amino-acid peptide bioregulator developed to support testicular function and healthy testosterone production by restoring gene activity in the Leydig cells of the testes. Rather than introducing external hormones, it works by reactivating your body's own natural testosterone-producing machinery at the genetic level, making it a gentler alternative to hormone replacement therapy. It may also support sperm quality and overall male reproductive health as part of the Khavinson bioregulator peptide approach to aging.

Testalamin is a testes-derived cytamin containing peptide bioregulators from animal testicular tissue. It supports testosterone production, spermatogenesis, and overall male reproductive function, used in Russia for age-related androgen decline.

Testoluten is a testes-derived cytomax containing refined peptide bioregulators for male reproductive support. It provides more concentrated testicular peptides than Testalamin and is used in Russia for male infertility, testosterone optimization, and age-related andropause.

Textilinin-1 is a peptide from brown snake venom that inhibits plasmin, the enzyme that breaks down blood clots. It is being studied as a potential alternative to aprotinin for reducing surgical bleeding.

Thymagen is a dipeptide bioregulator designed to restore thymus gland function and reverse age-related immune decline (immunosenescence). The thymus is the organ where T-cells mature, and it shrinks dramatically with age — a major reason older adults have weaker immune systems. Thymagen helps reactivate thymic function, promoting T-cell maturation and improving overall immune competence. It differs from Thymalin (another thymic peptide) by being a smaller, synthetic molecule rather than an extract.

The pharmaceutical-grade, registered drug form of Thymosin Alpha-1 — a thymus-derived immune peptide. Sold under the brand name Zadaxin, it is approved in over 35 countries primarily for treating hepatitis B and C. The standard dose is 1.6 mg injected under the skin twice per week. It is the same molecule as thymosin-alpha-1 but produced under pharmaceutical manufacturing standards.

A purified extract from the thymus gland (the immune system's training center). It boosts T-cell development and function, which declines significantly with age as the thymus shrinks. Used in Russia for decades to support immunity in elderly patients and has been studied in longevity research alongside Epithalon.

Thymopentin is a synthetic five-amino-acid fragment of thymopoietin, a natural hormone produced by the thymus gland that directs T-cell development. It contains the minimal active sequence needed to drive immature T-cells to become mature, functional immune soldiers. It has been used clinically for immune deficiency, autoimmune conditions (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus), chronic hepatitis B, and as an adjunct to cancer chemotherapy to restore immune function. It represents a more targeted approach than crude thymus extracts.

A small five-amino-acid peptide representing the active part of thymopoietin, a hormone produced by the thymus gland. It helps immature immune cells (T-cells) develop into fully functional defenders. It has been approved in several countries for treating immune deficiency and chronic hepatitis B, and works through a different mechanism than the better-known Thymosin Alpha-1.

Thymosin Alpha-1 is a peptide naturally produced by the thymus gland that serves as a master regulator of immune function. It enhances the body's ability to fight infections and detect abnormal cells by boosting T-cell function, natural killer cell activity, and dendritic cell maturation. It has been used clinically in over 30 countries for hepatitis B and C, as an immune booster in immunocompromised patients, and as an adjunct to cancer immunotherapy.

A relative of the well-known Thymosin Beta-4 (TB-500), but with distinct biological functions. TB-10 is involved in controlling the cell's internal skeleton (actin) and cell movement. It's elevated in several types of cancer, making it a research target for understanding tumor biology. Not used therapeutically — strictly a research peptide.

The full-length version of the protein that TB-500 comes from. It's a 43-amino acid protein found in nearly every cell of your body. It promotes wound healing, reduces inflammation, and helps generate new blood vessels. TB-500 is just the active fragment — Thymosin Beta-4 is the complete molecule.

A small hormone naturally produced by your thymus gland that requires zinc to function. It's essential for T-cell maturation and immune function, but levels drop dramatically with age as the thymus shrinks. Supplementing thymulin (with zinc) may help restore some immune function in aging. Studied for anti-aging and immune modulation.

Thyranim is a thyroid-derived cytamin containing peptide bioregulators from animal thyroid tissue. It supports thyroid hormone balance, metabolic rate, and thyroid cell function, used in Russia for hypothyroidism support and age-related thyroid decline.

Thyreogen is a thyroid-derived cytomax containing refined peptide bioregulators for thyroid gland support. It provides more concentrated thyroid-specific peptides than Thyranim and is used in Russia for hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis, and thyroid function restoration.

Timusamin is a thymus-derived cytamin designed to restore immune function by providing peptide bioregulators extracted from animal thymus tissue. It supports T-cell maturation and overall immune competence, particularly in age-related immune decline (immunosenescence).

Tirzepatide is a dual-action peptide that activates both GLP-1 and GIP receptors — two key gut hormones involved in blood sugar regulation and appetite control. By targeting two pathways simultaneously, it produces even greater weight loss and blood sugar improvements than GLP-1-only drugs like semaglutide. Clinical trials have shown average weight loss of 20-25% of body weight, making it one of the most effective metabolic peptides ever developed.

Toremifene is a chlorinated derivative of tamoxifen FDA-approved for metastatic breast cancer. It has a similar mechanism to tamoxifen but with a potentially improved safety profile — it shows less DNA adduct formation (a marker of genotoxicity) and reduced endometrial cancer risk. It is sometimes used as a tamoxifen alternative for PCT.

Transportan is a synthetic cell-penetrating peptide made by joining parts of galanin and mastoparan. It efficiently carries cargo molecules into cells.

TRH is the smallest hypothalamic releasing hormone — just three amino acids. Released from the hypothalamus, it stimulates the pituitary to release TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), which in turn drives the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4. TRH also stimulates prolactin release and has neuromodulatory effects including analeptic (arousal) properties.

A long-acting GnRH agonist used medically for prostate cancer and endometriosis. In the peptide community, a single low dose is sometimes used for post-cycle therapy (PCT) to "restart" the HPTA axis after anabolic steroid use. Works by first stimulating, then suppressing, and then allowing recovery of gonadotropin release.

Trofinetide (brand name Daybue) is the first and only FDA-approved treatment for Rett syndrome, a devastating genetic neurological disorder that primarily affects girls. It is derived from the naturally occurring tripeptide fragment of IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) — specifically the piece that IGF-1 breaks down into in the brain. By mimicking this brain-active IGF-1 fragment, it reduces neuroinflammation, supports synaptic function, and improves communication between brain cells. In clinical trials, it significantly improved core Rett symptoms including hand movements, breathing patterns, and communication.

Tuftsin is a naturally occurring four-amino-acid peptide that your body produces from IgG antibodies when they pass through the spleen. It is one of the body's primary signals for activating macrophages and other immune cells to eat and destroy pathogens (phagocytosis). People without a functioning spleen are tuftsin-deficient and more susceptible to infections. It is also the molecular ancestor of Selank — Russian scientists extended tuftsin's sequence to create Selank, one of the most popular anxiolytic peptides.

A small, ancient protein found in every cell of every organism with a nucleus. It is famous for tagging worn-out or damaged proteins for destruction (the "ubiquitin-proteasome system," which won the 2004 Nobel Prize). But scientists have also discovered it has roles outside the cell — it reduces inflammation, modulates the immune system, and may have therapeutic potential for treating inflammatory conditions and organ damage.

Ulimorelin is a ghrelin receptor agonist developed to treat gastroparesis — a condition where the stomach empties too slowly. By activating the same receptor as the hunger hormone ghrelin, it stimulates stomach contractions and accelerates gastric emptying. It reached Phase 3 trials for postoperative ileus but did not gain approval.

Urodilatin is the kidney's own version of ANP that promotes sodium and water excretion. Its synthetic form, ularitide, was tested in Phase 3 trials for acute heart failure.

Urotensin II is the most potent vasoconstrictor peptide known, approximately 10 times more potent than endothelin-1. It is implicated in heart failure, atherosclerosis, and metabolic syndrome.

The legendary "drug of last resort" for serious gram-positive infections, especially MRSA. A large glycopeptide antibiotic that blocks bacterial cell wall construction by binding to the building blocks before they can be assembled. Given IV for bloodstream infections and oral for C. difficile colitis (where it stays in the gut). Has been saving lives since the 1950s.

Vapreotide is a somatostatin analog used to control bleeding from esophageal varices, a dangerous complication of liver cirrhosis.

Vasalamin is a blood vessel-derived cytamin that supports vascular tone, endothelial health, and microcirculation. It contains peptide bioregulators from animal vascular tissue and is used in Russia for cardiovascular support and age-related vascular decline.

A natural hormone made in the brain that has two main jobs: it raises blood pressure by constricting blood vessels, and it tells the kidneys to hold onto water. In hospitals, synthetic vasopressin is used in the ICU to treat life-threatening low blood pressure (septic shock) when other vasopressors aren't enough, and to treat diabetes insipidus (a condition where the kidneys can't concentrate urine).

An oral peptide complex derived from blood vessel tissue. It restores endothelial function and vascular elasticity. Complementary to Vesugen (the synthetic tripeptide Lys-Glu-Asp for vessels) but derived from natural tissue extract rather than being a single synthetic sequence.

Ventramin is a stomach tissue-derived cytamin containing peptide bioregulators from animal gastric mucosa. It supports gastric mucosal integrity, digestive enzyme secretion, and stomach lining repair, used in Russia for gastritis, peptic ulcers, and digestive dysfunction.

Vesilute is a dipeptide bioregulator that primarily targets smooth muscle tissue, particularly in the urinary tract and blood vessels. It works by interacting with chromatin structures in cell nuclei, helping to reactivate genes that become silenced during aging. Users report improvements in urinary function, blood flow, and smooth muscle relaxation. It may also support prostate health indirectly by improving vascular function in the pelvic region.

Vesugen is a three-amino-acid peptide bioregulator designed to support blood vessel health and cardiovascular function by activating genes involved in vascular repair and maintenance. It works by normalizing the function of endothelial cells that line your blood vessels, helping to maintain vessel elasticity, proper blood flow, and healthy blood pressure. As part of the Khavinson bioregulator series, it is used to address age-related vascular decline and support overall cardiovascular resilience.

Vilon is the smallest peptide in the Khavinson bioregulator series, consisting of just two amino acids, designed to restore thymus gland function and rejuvenate the immune system. The thymus gland shrinks with age, leading to weakened immunity, and Vilon helps reactivate the genes responsible for T-cell maturation and immune surveillance. It has been studied in elderly populations where it has shown the ability to reduce respiratory infections and improve immune markers.

VIP is a naturally occurring 28-amino-acid peptide that your body uses to regulate blood flow, immune responses, and the function of many organs including the gut, lungs, and brain. It acts as a powerful anti-inflammatory agent and has been studied for conditions like chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIRS), pulmonary hypertension, and autoimmune disorders. VIP also supports circadian rhythm regulation and helps maintain the protective barriers in your gut and lungs.

Visfatin (NAMPT) is an enzyme originally described as an insulin-mimicking fat tissue hormone. It is actually the key enzyme for NAD+ biosynthesis, making it central to cellular energy metabolism.

Visoluten is a peptide bioregulator designed to support eye health and visual function. It targets the retina and other ocular tissues, aiming to restore age-disrupted gene expression in photoreceptor cells, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and lens epithelium. Age-related vision loss — including macular degeneration, cataracts, and reduced night vision — stems partly from cumulative cellular damage. Visoluten works at the DNA level to help these delicate tissues maintain their specialized functions longer.

An oral peptide complex derived from thymus extract — similar in concept to Thymalin (Khavinson's injectable thymic peptide) but in capsule form. It restores T-cell differentiation and immune function. Part of the "Cytomax" series of oral bioregulators that don't require injection.

Voclosporin is a next-generation cyclosporine analog FDA-approved for lupus nephritis. It blocks calcineurin to suppress T-cell activation and the immune response, similar to cyclosporine and tacrolimus, but with improved potency, more predictable pharmacokinetics, and less need for blood level monitoring. It is the first oral calcineurin inhibitor specifically approved for lupus kidney disease.

Vosoritide (brand name Voxzogo) is an FDA-approved once-daily injection for children with achondroplasia — the most common form of dwarfism. It is a modified version of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), a natural growth-plate signaling molecule. In achondroplasia, an overactive FGFR3 receptor suppresses bone growth. Vosoritide counteracts this by activating the NPR-B receptor, which turns on growth-promoting pathways in cartilage. In clinical trials, children grew an additional 1.5 cm/year compared to untreated children.

Xenin is a gut hormone released from K cells alongside GIP that enhances insulin secretion and may amplify the incretin effect. It is being studied as an add-on to GIP-based diabetes therapies.

YK-11 is a unique steroidal compound that acts as both a partial androgen receptor agonist and a myostatin inhibitor. By simultaneously activating AR in muscle tissue and inhibiting myostatin (the protein that limits muscle growth), it has a dual mechanism for promoting muscle hypertrophy. Its steroidal backbone and dual action make it distinct from classical non-steroidal SARMs.

Zhenoluten is a peptide bioregulator specifically targeting ovarian tissue and female reproductive function. As women age, ovarian reserve declines and hormonal production shifts — leading to irregular cycles, reduced fertility, and eventually menopause. Zhenoluten aims to support ovarian cell function by restoring healthy gene expression patterns in granulosa cells and theca cells, potentially improving estrogen and progesterone production. It is used by women seeking to support reproductive longevity and ease the menopausal transition.

An extremely potent pain-killing peptide derived from cone snail venom. It's about 1000x more powerful than morphine and doesn't cause addiction. The catch: it must be delivered directly into the spinal fluid via an implanted pump because it can't cross the blood-brain barrier. FDA-approved for severe chronic pain when nothing else works.

Zilucoplan is a self-injectable macrocyclic peptide that blocks complement C5, preventing the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) that damages tissues. It is FDA-approved for generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) — an autoimmune disease where antibodies against the neuromuscular junction activate complement, destroying the junction and causing muscle weakness. Zilucoplan is notable for being a small synthetic peptide complement inhibitor rather than a large monoclonal antibody.