Neuropeptide S
Neuromodulation / AnxiolyticAlso known as: NPS
NeuropeptidesResearch phase: PreclinicalRegulatory: Not approved. Endogenous neuropeptide.
Mechanism
Neuropeptide S promotes wakefulness and reduces anxiety simultaneously — an unusual combination. It is being studied as a potential target for anxiety disorders and sleep-wake regulation.
Technical detail
Neuropeptide S is a 20-amino acid peptide acting through NPSR1 (GPR154), expressed in brainstem arousal nuclei (locus coeruleus, parabrachial area). It uniquely produces both arousal/wakefulness and anxiolytic effects, unlike classical anxiolytics which are sedating. Also suppresses food intake and enhances memory consolidation. NPSR1 polymorphisms are associated with asthma and panic disorder.